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大学英语三级语法大全

名词性从句概述

名词性从句　　在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

引导名词性从句的连接词

引导名词性从句的连接词　　引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：　　连接词：that, whether, if（不充当从句的任何成分）　　连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.　　连接副词：when, where, how, why　　不可省略的连词：　　1. 介词后的连词　　2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。　　That she was chosen made us very happy.　　We heard the news that our team had won.　　比较：whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：　　1. whether引导主语从句并在句首　　2. 引导表语从句 　　3. whether从句作介词宾语　　4. 从句后有"or not" 　　Whether he will come is not clear.　　大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。　　It is not important who will go.　　It is still unknown which team will win the match.

名词性wh-从句

名词性wh-从句　　1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：　　主语： How the book will sell depends on its author.　书销售如何取决于作者本人。　　直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes.　在自己家里可以随心所欲。　　间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.　俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。　　表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.　我的问题是谁将接

任该基金会主席职位。　　宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么

名字。　　同位语：　I have no idea when he will return.　我不知道他什么时候回来。　　形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.　我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他

们的邀请。　　介词宾语：　That depends on where we shall go.　那取决于我们去哪儿。

来源：考试大　　2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：　　It is not yet decided who will do that job.　还没决定谁做这项工作。http://ks.examda.com　　It remains unknown when they are going to get married.　他们何时结婚依然不明。

名词性that-从句

名词性that-从句　　1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 that只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：　　主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.　他还活着全靠运气。　　宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦

去。　　表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.　事实是近来谁也没有见过他。　　同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 　　 近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。　　形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。http://ks.examda.com　　2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：　　It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.　很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。　　It's a pity that you should have to leave.　你非走不可真是件憾事。　　用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：　　a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句　　It is necessary that…　有必要……　　It is important that…　重要的是……　　It is obvious that…　很明显……　　b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句　　It is believed that…　人们相信……　　It is known to all that…　从所周知……　　It has been decided that…　已决定……　　c. It + be +名词+ that-从句　　It is common knowledge that…　……是常识　　It is a surprise that…　令人惊奇的是……　　It is a fact that…　事实是……　　d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句　　It appears that…　似乎……　　It happens that…　碰巧……　　It occurred to me that…　我突然想起……

否定转移来源:考试大网　　1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。　　I don't think I know you.　我想我并不认识你。　　I don' t believe he will come.　我相信他不回来。　　注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。　　I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。　　2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。　　It doesn't seem that they know where to go.　　看来他们不知道往哪去。http://ks.examda.com　　It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.　　看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。

定语从句

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。　　关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。　　关系副词有：when, where, why等。

关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词引导的定语从句　　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。　　1）who, whom, that　　这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：　　Is he the man who/that wants to see you?　　他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）　　He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.　　他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）　　2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换), 例如：　　They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。　　Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。　　3)which, that　　它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：　　A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）　　The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)

关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词引导的定语从句　　 　　关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。　　1）when, where, why　　关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：　　There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.　任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。　　Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.　北京是我的出生地。　　Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?　这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？　　2）that代替关系副词　　that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：　　His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.　他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。　　He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

判断关系代词与关系副词

判断关系代词与关系副词　　　　方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：　　This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.　　I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.　　判断改错　　（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.　　（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.

（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.　　（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.　　习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。　　方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。　　例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?　　A. where　B. that C. on which D. the one　　例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.　　A. where　　B. that C. on which　　D. the one　　答案：例1 D，例2 A　　例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.　　例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.　　在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。　　而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。　　关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。

限制性和非限制性定语从句　

限制性和非限制性定语从句　　　　1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：　　This is the house which we bought last month.　　这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）　　The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）　　2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：　　Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。　　My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.　我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。　　This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。　　3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：　　He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。　　Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。　　说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

as, which 非限定性定语从句　

as, which 非限定性定语从句　　由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。　　As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.　　The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.　　　

典型例题　　

1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.　　 A. it B. that C. which　　D. he　　答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。　　2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.　　A. what　B. which　C. that　D. it　　答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。　　3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..　　A. that　B. which　　C. as D. it　　答案B.　　as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：　　(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。　　(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。　　在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。　　

As 的用法　　例1. the same… as；such 内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。 spent on books. 他大部分的钱某某在书上了。

　　Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。

2）用a portion of， a series of， a pile of， a panel of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：

　　A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。

　　A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。

3）如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如：

　　Many a person has read the novel.　许多人读过这本书。

　　More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。

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