学术论文写作课程学习资料

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学术论文写作课程学习资料

Learning Materials and Preview Tasks before each Class

(For Science Writing by Feng Chengqiang in 2020.7)

Samples 1. Introduction

11 Polylactide (PLA) has received有很重要的意义 much attention in recent years due to its biodegradable properties, which offer 现在客观事实important economic benefits. 2 PLA is a polymer 一般现在式如果改成was就表明曾经是聚合物，现在就不是了obtained from corn and is produced by the polymerisation of lactide. 3 It has many possible uses in the biomedical fi eld1 and has also been完成式的被动语态，从过去到现在一直被研究 investigated as a potential engineering material.2,3 4 However, it has been 从过去到现在一直都知道这个弱点found to be too weak under impact to be used commercially.4 5 One way to toughen polymers is to incorporate 今天一直采用的方法a layer of rubber particles5 and there has been extensive research regarding the rubber modification of PLA. 6 For example, Penney et al. showed 这些人当时的发现，未接受的事实引用别人的的结论时，一般用一般过去式。s could be prepared using blending techniques6 and more recently, Hillier established the toughness of such composites.7 7 However, although the effect of the rubber particles on the mechanical properties of copolymer systems was demonstrated over two years ago,8 little attention has been paid如果用过去式，说明过去有人关注，现在没有了to the selection of an appropriate rubber component. 8 The present paper presents a set of criteria for selecting such a component. 9 On the basis of these criteria it then describes the preparation of a set of polymer blends using PLA and a hydro-carbon rubber (PI).论文本身的内容，一般现在式 10 This combination of two mechanistically distinct polymerisations formed 用这种方法，当时就产出了这个产品a novel copolymer in which the incorporation of PI significantly increased flexibility.

Samples 2. [Methodology]

Changes in the chemistry of groundwater in the chalk of the London Basin

1 The current investigation involved sampling and analysing six sites to measure changes in groundwater chemistry. 2 The sites were selected from the London Basin area, which is located in the south-east of England and has been frequently used to interpret groundwater evolution.2, 3, 4 3 A total of 18 samples was collected and then analysed for the isotopes mentioned earlier. 4 Samples 1–9 were collected in thoroughly-rinsed 25 ml brown glass bottles which were filled to the top and then sealed tightly to prevent contamination. 5 The filled bottles were shipped directly to two separate laboratories at Reading University, where they were analysed using standard methods suitably miniaturised to handle small quantities of water. 5 6 Samples 10–18 were prepared in our laboratory using a revised version of the precipitation method established by the ISF Institute in Germany.6 7 This method obtains a precipitate through the addition of BaCl2.2H2O; the resulting precipitate can be washed and stored easily. 8 The samples were subsequently shipped to ISF for analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). 9 All tubing used was stainless steel, and although two samples were at risk of CFC contamination as a result of brief contact with plastic, variation among samples was negligible.

Sample 3 [Results]

1 Data obtained in previous studies1,2 using a fixed on-site monitor indicated that travel by car resulted in lower CO exposure than travel on foot. 2 According to Figo et al. (1999), the median exposure of car passengers was 11% lower than for those walking.2 3 In our study, modelled emission rates were obtained using the Traffic Emission Model (TEM), a CO-exposure modelling framework developed by Ka.3 4 Modelled results were compared with actual roadside CO concentrations measured hourly at a fixed monitor. 5 Figure 1 shows the results obtained using TEM.

6 As can be seen, during morning peak-time journeys the CO concentrations for car passengers were significantly lower than for pedestrians, which is consistent with results obtained in previous studies.1,2 7 However, the modelled data were not consistent with these results for afternoon journeys. 8 Although the mean CO concentrations modelled by TEM for afternoon journeys on foot were in line with those of Figo et al., a striking difference was noted when each of the three peak hours was considered singly (Fig. 2).

9 It can be observed that during the fi rst hour (H1) of the peak period, journeys on foot resulted in a considerably lower level of CO exposure. 10 Although levels for journeys on foot generally exceeded those modelled for car journeys during H2, during the last hour (H3) the levels for journeys on foot were again frequently far lower than for car journeys.

11 A quantitative analysis to determine modelling uncertainties was applied, based on the maximum deviation of the measured and calculated levels within the considered period. 12 Using this approach, the uncertainty of the model prediction for this study slightly exceeds the 50% acceptability limit defined by Jiang.7 13 Nevertheless, these results suggest that data obtained using TEM to simulate CO exposures may provide more sensitive information for assessing the impact of traffic management strategies than traditional on-site measurement.

Sample 4 [Discussion]

Cognitive-behavioural stress management (CBSM) skills and quality of life in stress-related disorders.

1 Prior work has documented

the effectiveness of psychosocial intervention in improving quality of life (QoL) and reducing stress in patients suffering from various disorders; Epstein,18 for example, reports that orthopedic patients participating in a two-week multimedia intervention programme improved across several QoL indices, including interpersonal conflict and mental health. 2 However, these studies have either been short-term studies or have not focused on patients whose disorder was stress-related. 3 In this study we tested the extent to which an extended three-month stress management programme improved QoL among a group of patients being treated for stress-related skin disorders such as eczema.

4 We found that in virtually all cases, participation in our three-month stress management programme was associated with substantial increases in the skills needed to improve QoL. 5 These findings extend those of Kaliom, confirming that a longer, more intensive period of stress-management training tends to produce more effective skills than when those skills are input over a shorter period via information transfer media such as leaflets and presentations (Kaliom et al., 2003). 6 In addition, the improvements noted in our study were unrelated to age, gender or ethnic background. 7 This study therefore indicates that the benefits gained from stress-management intervention may address QoL needs across a wide range of patients. 8 Most notably, this is the first study to our knowledge to investigate the effectiveness of extended psychosocial intervention in patients whose disorder is itself thought to be stress-related. 9 Our results provide compelling evidence for long-term involvement with such patients and suggest that this approach appears to be effective in counteracting stress that may exacerbate the disorder. 10 However, some limitations are worth noting. 11 Although our hypotheses were supported statistically, the sample was not reassessed once the programme was over. 12 Future work should therefore include follow-up work designed to evaluate whether the skills are retained in the long term and also whether they continue to be used to improve QoL.

Sample 5.1 Model 1 [Abstract]

The speed of sound in a fluid is determined by, and therefore an indicator of, the thermodynamic properties of that fluid. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of an ultrasonic cell to determine crude oil properties, in particular oil density. An ultrasonic cell was constructed to measure the speed of sound and tested in a crude oil sample. Th e speed of sound was measured at temperatures between 260 and 411 K at pressures up to 75 MPs. The measurements were shown to lead to an accurate determination of the bubble point of the oil. This indicates that 内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。 from sound speed measurements and suggests that it is possible to measure sound absorption with an ultrasonic cell to determine oil viscosity.

Sample 5.2 Model 2 [Abstract]

This study investigated the use of a novel water-soluble polymer blend as a coating to control drug release. It was found that using a blend of methylcellulose and a water-soluble copolymer significantly slowed the release rate of ibuprofen compounds in vitro and allowed for a more consistent release rate of 10–20% per hour.

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