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Social identity

1 It's hard to imagine meeting someone for the first time and not exchanging any personal information. At the very least, you offer your name and a few important facts – perhaps age, occupation, reason for joining a certain organization, or reason for attending a certain class. As friendships develop, however, the answer to the question "Who are you?" becomes more complex.

2 Our identities start to form when we are children and continue to grow, solidify, and even change as we mature. A person's identity is actually made up of many different aspects, some broad and some narrow. For instance, you might identify with the broad categories of "German," "male," and "student" as well as the narrower ones of "violinist," "left-handed person," and "brother of Anna."

Ⅰ. _____

3 Identity traits can be ascribed, achieved or chosen. An ascribed trait is one that you are born with; examples include your ethnicity, your birthplace, and being the child and possibly the sibling of certain people. An achieved trait is one you work for, such as being a university graduate or the employee of a certain company. An identity such as a club membership or affiliation with a political party is chosen.

4 However, traits are not always so easy to categorize. Is speaking your native language, for example, ascribed (because you were born into the family and country where that language was spoken), achieved (because you studied the language and became more proficient), or even chosen ( 内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。 ther than confirming the positive effects of social identity, these rivalries can make people feel insecure, threatened, angry, or even fearful.

10 The challenge, then, for both leaders and all of us in society is to foster the positive effects of group membership while avoiding the negative ones.

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