u4 text a language focus
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gauge: vt. measure precisely the size, dimensions, etc. 精确计量
e.g. Is it possible to gauge an animal’s intellect?
准确测定一种动物的智力是否可能呢？
At present, it is hard to gauge the depth of the economic recession in America.
目前还难以测出美国经济衰退的程度。
abundant: a. available in large quantities; plentiful 丰富的；充足的
e.g. Shandong Province is famous for its abundant agricultural resources.
山东省以其丰富的农业资源而著名。
Nature gives these tiny creatures the ability to reproduce quickly when food is abundant.
在食物充足的时候，这些小动物就能迅速繁殖，这是大自然赋予它们的能力。
haul: 1) vt. move using a lot of effort; transport in a vehicle 用力拖（拉）；用车辆搬运
e.g. The car was hauled away to the junkyard.
汽车被拖到垃圾场了。
People in this village still use buckets to haul water up from the deep well.
村民仍然用桶从深井里取水。
2) n. 拖，拉
e.g. He gave a haul on the rope.
他把绳子拉了一下。
The rope stood up under the strain of the haul.
这绳子经受住了紧拉。
manifest: vt. show plainly 显示
e.g. Both sides have manifested a stubborn unwillingness to compromise.
双方都表现出一股不愿妥协的犟劲。
The workers chose to manifest their dissatisfaction in a series of strikes.
工人们决定以一系列罢工表示不满。
profitable: a. yielding profit or financial gain 产生利润的；有利可图的
e.g. Drug manufacturing is a very profitable business in America.
制药在美国是很赚钱的行业。
Recycling (waste) is not as yet profitable. That’s why it needs government funding.
废品回收利用目前仍无利可图，这就是为何这个行业需要政府出资。
mount: vt. seat or place oneself on; organize and initiate (a campaign, etc.) 登上，骑上；发动，组织
e.g. The old lady mounted the stairs with great difficulty.
老太太费力地走上楼梯。
Police mounted a search for the criminal.
警察发动了对罪犯的搜捕。
strategy: n. a careful plan or method 策略；战略
e.g. Strategy wins wars. Tactics win battles.
赢得战争靠战略，打胜仗靠战术。
The coach called a time-out to discuss strategy.
教练请求暂停来讨论（比赛）策略。
with respect to: in reference or relation to; concerning 在…方面
e.g. I have enclosed an explanatory leaflet with respect to your enquiry.
我随信附上一份有关你的问题的说明资料。
The two cities are similar with respect to their size of population and average income.
这两个城市在人口规模和平均收入方面相似。
accrue: vi. fall naturally (to), come into the possession (of); increase in number or amount over a period of time（利益、成本等）归属于；自然增加
e.g. The benefits of a cleaner environment will accrue to us all.
环境清洁带来的好处人人都有份。
Interest will accrue on a daily basis until payment is made.
款项付清之前，每日都滋生利息。
get ahead: become successful (in one’s life or career, etc.) 成功；发迹
e.g. The young girl soon learned that it wasn’t easy to get ahead in the movie business.
小姑娘不久就意识到，想在电影这行当中混出个样来不是件容易的事。
We must make sure that hard working families can get ahead.
我们必须确保辛勤付出的家庭可以取得成功。
inherit: vt. receive (property or a title) as an heir; derive (a quality, characteristic, etc.) genetically from one’s parents 继承（财产头衔等）；承袭（父母的遗传特征）
e.g. She inherited her father’s deep blue eyes.
她像她爸，有一双深蓝色的眼睛。
When my brother left for college, I inherited his old computer.
哥哥离家上大学后，他那台旧电脑就归我了。
found: vt. base (sth.) on a particular principle, idea, or feeling; start sth. such as an organization, company, or school, often by providing the necessary money 基于特定的原则、思想或感情之上；建立，创办
e.g. Her lawyer accused the prosecution of founding its case on insufficient evidence.
她的律师指责检方立案证据不充分。
James Monroe, who fought in the War of Independence at the age of 18, is referred to in the book as America’s last founding father.
十八岁就参加独立战争的詹姆士·门罗，在该书中被称为美国最后一名国父。
be founded on/upon: be based on a particular idea, principle, fact, or quality
e.g. The economy of this mountainous region was founded on livestock.
这一山区的经济是建立在畜牧业上的。
A good relationship has to be founded on trust.
好的人际关系必须建立在信任的基础上。
vision: n. an idea of how sth. should be done or how it will be in the future 愿景，远见
e.g. She had a clear vision of what she wanted to do.
她有明确的愿景，清楚自己想干什么。
The company is a monument to his father’s energy and vision.
这公司就像一座纪念碑，是他父亲精力和远见的永久纪念。
transition: 1) vi. change from one position, subject, concept, etc., to another 转变，转换
e.g. He transitioned from a playwright to a critic.
他是剧作家，后来改行成了评论家。
There was a significant increase in the size of its business as the company transitioned to a high-tech company.
公司转型为高***后，业务规模扩大了很多。
2) n. 转变，转换
e.g. Will there be a peaceful transition of power after the general election?
大选后会有平稳的权力交接吗？
Adolescence is the period of transition between childhood and adulthood.
青春期是童年和成年之间的过渡时期。
embed: vt. fix (an object) firmly and deeply in a surrounding mass 使…嵌入
e.g. Political battles have become increasingly embedded in US coronavirus policy.
政治角斗越来越深地嵌入了美国的新冠肺炎政策。
His name has been embedded in the minds of millions of people.
他的名字被铭刻在数百万人的心中。
compensate: vt. pay sb. for the work they do or because they have suffered an injury or loss 酬劳；补偿
e.g. Will Facebook and Google compensate our company for sharing our content?
脸书和谷歌共享了我们的内容，他们会为此补偿***吗？
The factory will compensate their workers for their work-related injuries.
工人因公负伤，工厂要支付赔偿。
cultivate: vt. foster the growth of 培育，养成
e.g. The booklet gives tips on how to cultivate and care for plants in family gardens.
这本小册子对如何在私家花园里培植和养护植物提供指点。
The goal is to have a conversation so as to cultivate some understanding of each other’s perspective.
目标是进行对话，以期相互理解对方的观点。
nurture: 1) vt. supply with nourishment, foster 养育
e.g. The proposed teaching strategies are aimed at nurturing students’ individual interests.
建议的教学方法旨在培养学生的个人兴趣。
The government set up a national network of business incubators to help nurture startups.
政府建立了一个全国性的企业孵化器网络，以扶植***。
2) n. the act of bringing up 养育，培养
e.g. Which do you believe has the strongest influence on how children develop — nature or nurture?
影响孩子成长的最大因素是什么，先天还是后天？
confine: vt. keep in a restricted space; keep within limits 限制，关某某；使局限于
e.g. The accused must be confined if he poses a threat to public safety.
疑犯如果对公共安全构成威胁，就必须被拘押。
He was confined in an ICU because of a serious heart condition.
因为有严重的心脏病，他被收治在重症监护室。
conversion: n. the process of changing or causing sth. to change from one form to another 转换
e.g. The building will not be ready for normal business operations before conversion to gas-heating is completed.
大楼要改成燃气供暖，改造完工前不能照常运行。
There are no charges for currency conversion.
货币兑换不收取手续费。
efficiency: n. 效率
e.g. A furnace with 80 percent fuel efficiency wastes 20 percent of its fuel.
锅炉能效是百分之八十，那它就会浪费百分之二十的燃料。
The application of new techniques to industrial production methods usually increases efficiency.
将新技术用于生产工艺一般都会提高效率。
foul: 1) vt. make foul or dirty; pollute 弄脏
e.g. Anyone who lets his or her dog foul the path will be fined.
让狗在路上随地大小便是要罚款的。
The oil spill has fouled the California coastline.
原油泄漏污染了加州的海岸线。
2) a. dirty, unpleasant 恶臭的；肮脏的，令人不快的
e.g. The foul language in the movie makes it unsuitable for kids.
影片中有脏话，不适合让孩子看。
The medicine left a foul taste in my mouth.
服药后我嘴里有一股不好的味道。
along with: in addition to, together with 在…以外；与…一道
e.g. He came to our party along with two of his friends.
他参加了我们的派对，还带来了他的两个朋友。
He began to hum along with the music.
他跟着音乐哼了起来。
intensify: v. (make sth.) increase in degree or strength 加强；强化
e.g. The police made an intensified search for the run-away criminal.
警察为追捕逃犯加强了搜寻。
The outbreak of the epidemic is expected to pick up in late October and intensify in November.
预期疫情将在十月下旬重现，到十一月还会加剧。
accumulate: v. increase gradually in quantity or number; gather or pile up esp. little by little 累积，积聚
e.g. Evidence of his guilt is accumulating.
他的罪证越来越多。
Snow accumulating to a depth of several inches made driving difficult.
积雪有好几英寸，使开车很困难。
function: n. special activity or purpose of a person or thing 作用；功能
e.g. The function of the heart is to pump blood through the body.
心脏的功能是向体内输送血液。
He believes that the true function of the media is to tell the truth.
他认为媒体的真正功能是告诉人们真相。
inflict: vt. cause (sth. unpleasant or painful) to be suffered by sb. or sth. 使遭受（痛苦、打击、惩罚等）
e.g. Many are questioning the teacher’s authority to inflict punishment on a pupil.
许多人对教师惩罚学生的权力提出质疑。
The article has inflicted damage on the reputation of some celebrities.
该文章损害了一些社会名流的声誉。
impair: vt. diminish in function, ability, or quality 损害
e.g. The trut 内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。 流行病
e.g. The 2020 epidemic that hit the world is known as the coronavirus pandemic.
2020年肆虐全球的流行病被称为新冠肺炎。
Still, as of last week, visits to retail establishments and restaurants were about 17 percent lower than pre-epidemic levels.
到上星期为止，零售商店和饭店的顾客比起疫情前的水平仍然低了百分之十七。
implement: vt. carry out, accomplish 实施
e.g. Due to high costs, the program was never fully implemented.
由于成本高，这个计划从未充分实施。
We must implement the safety recommendations, no matter how costly they may be.
我们必须实施这些安全建议，不论它们的代价多高。
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