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2022 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）

模考试卷 二

Section II Reading Comprehension

Text 1

Sleeping badly or working night shifts could be making you fat, weak and more likely to become diabetic. A study has revealed short or restless slumber changes the way people's DNA works and makes the body more dedicated to storing fat. Muscles get smaller and fat stores begin to rise when people lose as little as one night's sleep, the experts found. Although midnight snacks or being too tired to exercise could be blamed for tired people getting fatter, there may now be a more scientific reason.

Researchers have linked losing sleep to weight gain in the past but have found it difficult to explain—now they reveal it could be linked to the body clock. And a tired

body also becomes less able to handle sugar in the blood which raises the risk of someone developing type 2 diabetes.

Sleep researchers from Uppsala University in Sweden did a study on 15 people who they tested after a full night's sleep and after a sleepless night. They took fat and muscle tissue samples and collected blood from the healthy weight participants and found the way their DNA works had changed. The researchers say their findings are important because high levels of body fat increase the risk of the world's biggest causes of death: cancer, heart disease and stroke.

People's sensitivity to blood sugar is also dampened when they're tired, the study found, which suggests those who don't sleep well are at higher risk of type 2 diabetes. 'We saw that the fatty tissue is attempting to increase its capacity to store fat following sleep loss,' said Dr. Cedernaes,'Whereas we observed signs of breakdown of skeletal muscle. We also noted changes in levels of proteins involved handling blood glucose, and this could help explain why the participants' glucose sensitivity was impaired following sleep loss.'

Taken together, these observations may provide at least partial insight as to why chronic sleep loss and shift work can increase the risk of adverse weight gain as well as the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Which of the following is not the reason of becoming fat?

Lack of sleep. B. Bad quality of sleep.

C. Working at night. D. Increased slumber.

Which is the recent finding about the reason of linking losing sleep to weight gain?

People will be not well capable of dissolving sugar if their body is exhausted.

Researchers found that it was difficult to explain the causes.

People should adjust their body clock if they want to have a sound sleep.

Someone who developed type 2 diabetes will certainly gain body weight.

15 people were collected all of the following samples EXCEPT .

fat B. DNA C. muscle tissue D. blood

Which of the following has the closest meaning to “dampened”(para. 4)?

Increased. B. Recovered. C. Influenced. D. Lowered.

According to Dr. Cedernaes, which of the following is true?

After sleep loss, the ability of fatty tissue to store fat may be disturbed.

It is noted that skeleton muscle was deteriorated after sleep loss.

Handling blood glucose may change levels of proteins involved.

Participants’ glucose sensitivity was permanently damaged.

Text 2

When you're thirsty and in need of a drink, which beverages are best at keeping you hydrated? Sure, you can always reach for a glass of water—but plain H2O isn't the most hydrating beverage around, according to a study from Scotland's St. Andrews University that compared the hydration responses of several different drinks. The researchers found that while water—both still and sparkling—does a pretty good job of quickly hydrating the body, beverages with a little bit of sugar, fat or

protein do an even better job of keeping us hydrated for longer.

The reason has to do with how our bodies respond to beverages, according to Ronald Maughan, a professor at St. Andrews' School of Medicine and the study's author. One factor is the volume of a given drink: The more you drink, the faster the drink empties from your stomach and gets absorbed into the bloodstream, where it can dilute the body's fluids and hydrate you.

The other factor affecting how well a beverage hydrates relates to a drink's nutrient composition. For example, milk was found to be even more hydrating than plain water because it contains the sugar lactose, some protein and some fat, all of which help to slow the emptying of fluid from the stomach and keep hydration happening over a longer period of time. Milk also has sodium, which acts like a sponge and holds onto water in the body and results in less urine produced.

But here's where it gets tricky: Beverages with more concentrated sugars, such as fruit juices or colas, are not necessarily as hydrating as their lower-sugar cousins. They may spend a little more time in the stomach and empty more slowly compared to plain water, but once these beverages enter the small intestine their high concentration of sugars gets diluted during a physiological process called osmosis. This process in effect "pulls" water from the body into the small intestine to dilute the sugars these beverages contain. And technically, anything inside the intestine is outside your body.

Juice and soda are not only less hydrating, but offer extra sugars and calories that won't fill us up as much as solid foods. If the choice is between soda and water for hydration, go with water every time. After all, our kidneys and liver depend on water to get rid of toxins in our bodies, and water also plays a key role in maintaining skin's elasticity and suppleness. It's the cheapest moisturizer you'll find.

According to a study from Scotland's St. Andrews University, .

people shouldn’t drink too much water when they are thirsty

pure water may not be the best choice while people are thirsty

a mixture of several different drinks can keep you hydrated

the kind of beverage depends on the degree of thirsty

Ronald Maughan believes that .

a little bit of sugar, fat or protein will do good to you

our bodies respond to beverages faster than we think

water can penetrate into our body and stay in our stomach

your body can be more hydrated if you drink more water

Milk was more hydrating because .

the composition of milk can retard the emptying of fluid from the stomach

it contains various kinds of components which can keep us refreshed

the nutrition can slow the flow of the milk and make us feel less hungry

milk can keep us from being more thirsty comparing with plain water

Which of the following is true according to the passage?

Lower-sugar beverages can stay longer in the stomach than plain water.

Water coming into the small intestine is considered to be outside the body.

Sugar can be diluted during a psychological process called osmosis.

Beverages with more concentrated sugars will fill us up.

Water is important to .

keep the kidneys from infection

increase the toxins in our livers

keep our skin hydrated and moist

help our stomach energetic

Text 3

In the world of college admissions, few choices about how to weigh applicants are simple. How much weight should schools give to applicants’ athletic performance, to standardized-test scores, to the need for a diverse student body, to the donations of wealthy benefactors? These are all complicated questions. But Johns Hopkins University just presented the higher-education world with at least one easy decision: Legacy admissions need to go.

Johns Hopkins recently made public a decision, reached in 2014 but kept secret until recently, to stop giving an admissions boost to applicants who have a parent who attended Johns Hopkins. Giving weight to legacy status takes attention away from consideration of an applicant’s accomplishments, raw talent, leadership ability, academic achievement, and athletic skills. And it does that without offering much in

return: It doesn’t measure the obstacles that a student has overcome, or her potential to contribute to peers’ learning, or any other characteristics that colleges sometimes consider. Nor does a broad legacy-a 内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。 h nostril operates effectively.

It's believed that this cycle helps round out your sense of smell. Some smells are better picked up by fast moving air through your nose, while others take more time and are detected better with slow-moving air.

So the next time you feel like you're only breathing from one side of your nose, remember that it's a natural, automatic system working to keep you smelling properly, and to make sure your nose doesn't get dried out by a constant onslaught of dirty air.

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