英语时态结构

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一般现在时

A:一般现在时通常表示目前阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态。

结构: 1）be动词的第一人称单数为，第三人称单数为，其他人称为。

有一顺口溜体现了它的用法：我用am ，你用 are ，is 用于他，她，它, 单数is，复数are.

肯定式:主语+ am /is/are +其他

否定式:主语+ am/is/are +not + 其他

疑问式:Am /Is /Are + 主语+ 其他?

简略回答: (肯) Yes,主语 + am/ is /are

(否) No,主语 + am /is/are not

缩写形式: I'm == I am That's ==That is We're ==We are What's== What is

You're == You are Who's == Who is They're ==They are Where's ==Where is

He's ==He is She's ==She is It's == It is

isn't==is not aren't==are not

2）行为动词（实义动词）除主语是第三人称单数外，都用动词原形，主语是第三人称单数时，在动词词尾加-s或-es 。

“动词第三人称单数”的加法即 “如何从动词原形变为第三人称单数”

1、一般情况加s.

2、以o, s, x, ch, sh 结尾加es.

3、以“辅音字母+y”结尾改y为i +es

肯定式:主语+动词原形/动词的第三人称单数

否定式:主语+助动词 don't/doesn't +动词原形+其他

疑问式:Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他

简略回答:(肯)Yes,主语+do/does (否)No,主语+do/does not

缩写形式: don't == do not doesn't ==does not

注意：have的第三人称单数为has

用法：

1.表示事实,现状,性质或经常的,习惯的动作,常与often, usually, always, sometimes, today,every day,once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用,

eg. He has a brother

2.表示普遍真理. eg. The earth goes round the sun.

3.表示在现在时间里所发生的一个动作 .

eg. Here comes the train.

4.在时间和条件状语从句中代表一般将来时 .

eg.I'll go with you if you are free tomorrow.

一般过去时

一般过去时h妆硎竟シ⑸亩骰虼嬖诘淖刺话愎ナ蓖XXXXXＳ啥实墓ナ奖硎尽?/p>

结构：

1.动词的第一、三有称单某某,其他人称用,其肯定式,否定式,疑问式和简略回答形式与一般现在时相似。

2.行为动词的过去式分为规则和不规则两种, 规则动词的过去式是在动词后加或,不规则动词参照不规则动词表,需要专门记忆。

肯定式:主语+动词的过去式 + 其他 eg. I got up at six this morning.

否定式:主语 + did not + 动词原形 + 其他 eg. John didn't live here last year.

疑问式:Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他 eg. Did you see him a moment ago?

简略回答.(肯)Yes, 主语 +did (否)No , 主语 + didn't.

用法：1.主要用于过去某个时间发生的动作或状态.

eg. My father was at work yesterday.

2.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常与often,always 等表示频度的时间状语连用.

eg. He always went to work by bus last summer.

3.和when等连词引导的状语从句连用.

eg. When she reached home, she had a short rest.

4.常与表示过去的时间状语, 如… ago, yesterday, last week, in the old days, when I was five years old, in 1995 等连用.

eg.They began the work two months ago.

Were you born in 1981? Yes, I was.

不规则中寻'规则'

英语中很多动词的过去式是不规则的，有些同学死记硬背，却效果不佳。我们不妨共同寻找一些不规则动词中的“规则”，这样记忆起来就会事半功倍了。

I．过去式与动词原形同形。例如：

let—let, put—put, hit—hit, read—read[red]等。

II．动词原形以ow／aw结尾，过去式常某某ew。例如：

know—knew, grow—grew, throw—threw, draw—drew等。但是也有一些例外，例如：show—showed。

III．许多动词只要将动词原形中的元音字母i改为a，就可变为过去式。例如：

begin—began, give—gave, sing—sang, swim—swam, sit—sat, drink—drank, ring—rang等。

但是win—won例外。

IV．有些动词的过去式以o(a)ught结尾。例如：

bring—brought, buy—bought, think—thought, catch—caught, teach—taught等。

[注意]上述动词过去式究竟是以ought[:t]还是aught[:t]结尾，只要记住“有a则a，无a则o”即可。即:原形中有a的，过去式变为aught，否则为ought。

V．以eep结尾的动词，常某某eep改为ept构成过去式。例如：keep—kept, sleep—slept, sweep—swept等。

一般将来时

一般将来时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态

结构：助动词shall/will { be (is ,am ,are ) going to }+ 动词原形（当主语第一人称时，一般用shall，当主语为第三人称时，用will，但主语为第一人称时，也用will）

肯定式:主语+shall/will+动词原形+其他

否定式:主语+shall/will+not+动词原形+其他.

疑问式:Shall/Will+主语+动词原形+其他

简略回答:(肯)Yes,主语+shall/will . (否)No,主语+shall/will+not …

缩写形式: 'll ==shall/will shan't== shall not won't == will not

用法:

1.表示将要发生的动作或情况,常用时间状语有: later (on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等.

eg. I shall be eighteen years old next year.

Maybe China's population _______ (pass) 1,300,000,000 by the year 2005.

2.表示某种必然的趋势

eg. Fish will die without water.

解析：

1.在以第一人称为主语的问句中,常用 shall 表示提议和询问情况,在以第二人称作主语的问句中,用will 表示请求.

eg. Where shall we have the meeting?

Will you please lend me your pen?

2.当主语是第一人称时,用will 表示意愿.决心.允诺.命令等.

eg. I will give you an English--Chinese dictionary for your birthday.

3.在时间或条件状语从句中,一般用一般现在时代替一般将来时.

eg. Tom will write to me when he gets there.

4.be going to +动词原形也可表示将来时.

(1).表示主观意愿.打算等.

eg. He's going to learn English next term.

(2).根据已有迹象,可能要发生的情况

eg. Look at the black clouds!

----It is going to rain.

现在进行时

现在进行时h妆硎灸壳盎蚰壳敖锥握诮械亩鳌? 表示“……正在（在）干……”)

结构： is/am/are + 动词的-ing形式 ( 动词的现在分词 )

用法：

1.表示目前发生(进行)的动作(不指状态),常用时间状语有:now, at the moment 等,并常出现在祈使句的句子中,与 look, listen连用.

eg. Are you writing a letter to your father at the moment?

Listen! She is singing in the next room.

2.表示目前阶段正在进行,而此刻不一定在进行的动作.

eg. They are planting trees these days.

3.表示按计划或安排即将进行的动作,表示这种动作的动词有:come, go, leave, arrive, start, see等,并常与表示将来时间的状语连用.

eg. They are leaving for Australia tomorrow afternoon.

注意: 某些表示感觉或状态的动词,如 love, like, prefer, hate, see, know等一般不用现在进行时.

eg. Lucy prefers art to science.

现在完成时

现在完成时的结构：主语 + “have(has) + 过去分词”

（1）现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作（常与yet，already，just连用），或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况（常与for，since连用）。例如：

1）I have just finished my homework.

2）Mary has been ill for three days.

注意：与for ,since 连用的动词必须用延续性动词，而不能用短暂性动词如：come —be here go ——be there join—— be a member borrow ——keep leave ——be away 等等

（2）常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：

1）I haven’t been there for five years.

2）So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.

3）There have been a lot of changes since 1978.

◆◇一般过去时和现在完成时的比较与转换

一般过去时:

与之搭配的时间副词常用的有:Yesterday, last week, last year, at 5:30 , last weekend, last month. 有时用on weekend, this morning

现在完成时: 常用的时间副词有:ever, never, yet, still, already ， in the past ten years; in my life; today

Examples:

Linda still hasn’t finished her homework.

Stanley has already gotten bored with the life here in Toronto.

Have you ever gone to Paris?

I have gone to the post office twice today.

2、过去完成时

（1）表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。{ 表示“过去的过去 ”} 例如：

1）We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.

2）By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.

（2）过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：

1）by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：

The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.

八种时态的比较

一般现在时和现在进行时

a.一般现在时：重复发生的习惯性动作和真理。标志性的时间副词： always often frequently usually sometimes every day every week every month occasionally once a month once a month once a year seldom rarely never

Examples：

She goes shopping every week.

He reads Business News every morning.

He seldom goes dancing.

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

Susan loves chocolate.

b.表示一种状态或性质

Examples: This tastes very good. I don’t believe my eyes.

I need a car. I hate this music.

c.在讲述一个过去发生的故事时，有时可用一般现在时表示过去发生的一系列事情。现在进行时：

a.正在进行的动作

常用的时间状语：（right）now at the（this）moment at present ;,?|Lm

Examples：

Robert is teaching at this moment。

Mendel is working on the first draft of his essay。

I’m looking for my umbrella right now.

He’s enjoying a holiday right now.

b.表达在现在一段时间内重复发生的动作，但是动作在说话时不一定正在进行。

常用的时间副词：these days Nowadays today this semester/quarter this week/month/year

Examples:

He’s relaxing this week.

He’s working as a librarian this semester.

c.对一类经常发生的事情所表达的强烈情感

常用的时间副词：Always Forever constantly

Examples:

He’s always complaining.（他怎么总是抱怨。）

You’re always dancing.（你怎么总是跳舞，是不是太多了吧。）

◆◇一般现在时和现在完成时

一般现在时：

表达的动作不表明动作从何时开始或已进行了多长时间。

Examples:

Helen and Tom are happily married.

Bruce listens to the news every morning.

现在完成时:

a.现在完成时所表达的动作正在进行,但句子总是表明动作是什么时候开始的。

Examples:

Helen and Tom have been happily married since their wedding day 60 years ago.

Bruce has listened to the news all his life without missing a day.

b.与现在完成时常用的两个词: For and Since

For:表示动作持续的一段时间。如:for two minutes/weeks/years；for several days/a long time/the past month 而在一般现在时不能与之连用。

Since: 表示动作从何时开始时间点. 如:since 6:00/Apr. 23/last week /the accident

◆◇现在进行时和现在完成时

现在进行时：

表示一个正在进行的动作,但不表明动作从什么时候开始的。

Examples:

He is waiting over there.

Matthew is studying Chinese in Beijing.

现在完成时：可表明发生动作的具体数字和次数。

Examples:

He has tried to pass the exam twice.

◆◇一般过去时和过去进行时

a.二者的区别在于一般过去进行时表示在过去某个特定时间正在进行的动作。

Examples:

My brother was sleeping at 2:00 yesterday afternoon.

My neighbor’s dog was barking at 3:00 this morning.

b.二者的区别在于一般过去进行时表示在过去同一时间两个同时进行的动作。

与之常用的时间副词: while, as

Examples;

Robert was moving the lawn while Susan was fixing the car.

As Michael was visiting Paris, Robert was teaching English classes in Beijing.

◆◇一般过去时和过去将来时

二者的内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。去完成时表示在过去的过去所发生的动作。

Examples:

Mary was hungry because she hadn’t eaten breakfast.

Charlie lost his way to the hotel although he had been there a few days earlier.

I realized that I hadn’t eaten a single French Fry since I started my diet.

◆◇一般现在时和一般将来时 -

一般现在时在时间和条件从句当中表示将来时的动作。

Examples:

As soon as I save enough money I’ll buy a big house.

When he gets back home he will phone a friend in New York.

If it rains tomorrow we will cancel the camping trip.

◆◇过去进行时 { be (was,were)+ 现在分词 }

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