译林牛津版module 5 Grammar 汇总【英语非谓语动词学案】
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非谓语动词学案 (教师版)
I.不定式（The Infinitive）
定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，既可以有时态和语态的变化又有自己的宾语和状语。
一、不定式的构成 （以动词do为例）
主动形式
被动形式
一般式
to do
to be done
完成式
to have done
to have been done
进行式
to be doing
无
完成进行式
to have been doing
无
动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。
Try not to be late again next time. 尽量下次不要再迟到。
He wished us never to meet her again.他希望我们不要再同她见面。
二、动词不定式的用法：
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
（一）不定式做主语：不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。
e.g: To finish the building in a month is difficult.
To lose heart means failure.
完成句子：To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
To wait is better than to leave. 等待比离开好。
注: 1) 不定式作主语时,谓语用___单___数
2) 当主语较长，谓语较短时，常某某it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。it做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常某某于下列结构中：
(1) It is/was +adj.+of sb. to do…
It’s good/kind/nice/bad/clever/wise//silly/stupid/foolish/ honest
(2) It is/was +adj.+for sb.+to do…
It is easy / difficult / hard / likely/probable/possible / right / wrong / unnecessary/important
(3) It is +a +名词+(for) to do...
?It is a pity / a pleasure / a pleasant thing / one’s duty / an honor / a
shame / a crime / no easy job… to do
(4) It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience …to do…
? It requires courage / patience / hard work… to do…
完成句子：
It’s kind of you to help me。你帮我是好的
It’s silly of the students to cheat in the examination.
学生考试作弊是愚蠢的
It’s an honor for us to attend such an important meeting
参加这样重要的会议我们对我们是一件荣誉的事。
It is important for us to learn English very well.
对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。
It’s good manners to wait in line. 排队等候是很有礼貌的。
It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that.
听到他那样跟他妈妈说话我们很生气。
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
十分钟完成这件工作是难的。
It takes us two hours to fly to Paris from here.
从这乘飞机到巴黎用我们连两个小时的时间。
（二）不定式做表语
eg My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.
Your mistake was not to write that letter.
完成句子：
Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children. 我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。
The problem is how to get there on time.
问题是怎样才能准时到达哪儿。
（三）不定式作宾语
以不定式结构为宾语的动词有：
ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等只能用动词不定式作宾语口诀（接不定式作宾语的动词）
想要学习 早打算（ want、 learn 、plan）
快准备 有希望（ prepare 、hope、 wish、expect）
同意否 供选择（agree、offer、choose）
决定了 已答应（decide、be determined、promise）
尽力去 着手做（manage、undertake）
别拒绝 别假装（refuse、pretend）
失败不是属于你（fail）
e.g. Tom refused to lend me his pen.
We hope to get there before dark.
另外，不定式在某些复合宾语中作宾语时，常常某某it代表不定式，而将真实宾语放在补足语之后。如：
Do you think it better to translate it in this way?
你认为这样翻译是不是更好？
I feel it my duty to serve the people heart and soul.
汉译英
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.
我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。
All of us think it important to study English well.
大家认为学好英语很重要。
Do you consider it better not to go? 你认为不去更好吗
（四）不定式做宾语补足语 如：
He want you to be his assistant. I saw her cross the street.
汉译英：
I would like you to help me with my English exercises.
我想请你帮我做英语练习。
I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon.
我从来没想到鞋子这么快就穿破了。
注：1. 如果谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词，在主动语态中作宾补的不式不可带to，这些动词有三使、两听、五看、一感觉、半帮助。
have, make, let, hear, listen to, watch, see, look at, observe, notice;
feel, help等。
I felt my blood run cold.
What made you think like that?
但如果句子是被动语态，则to不可省略。
He was made to clean the windows as a punishment.
Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
完成句子：
Though he often make shis little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.
尽管他经常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。
He is often heard to sing the song. 经常有人听到他唱这首歌。
注:2．get,等词也有“让”“叫”的意思，和使役动词意思相近，但它后面的不定式作宾语补足语必须要有to。如：
完成句子：
I’ll get him to try it again. 我将让他再试一次。
注: 3. allow, permit, advise, consider, forbid,等跟doing 作宾语，跟
不定式做宾语。但refuse, agree, hope, demand等不跟复合宾语。
（五）动词不定式做定语
①序数词、形容词最高级或被only, last, next等词修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。
完成句子：
He is always __the first to come and the last to leave__.
他总是第一个来最后一个离开。
The next person __to attend the meeting__ is Dr. Baker.
下一个出席会议的人是贝克先生。
②还有一些名词经常带不定式作定语。如：attempt, decision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish, determination, ability, time, way, chance,
courage, opportunity等。如：
We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.
注意：不定式为不及物动词或所修饰的名词是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词。
完成句子：
Give me a knife to cut apples with.（削苹果）
Some people have no house to live in (住) especially in Beijing.
The fox found a box to stand on (站在上面).
Could you lend me a pen to write with(写字)
This is the tool to work with (劳动).
Give me a piece of paper to write on(写字).
I have nothing to worry about (担心).
如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
（六）不定式做状语
不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、结果、原因 等。
表目的
例如：To learn a foreign language well, you must try your best
He came here in order to see Charlie.
I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him
完成句子：
In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.
为了保护幼苗不被太阳晒坏，妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。
He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again. 今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。
注：1. in order to置于句首或句中 ， so as to只放在句中.
In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.
注：2.不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语 e.g. He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.
判断正误：①To save money, every means has been tried.
To save money, he has tried every means.
②To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
注：3 不定式做目的状语放在句末时不用逗号，而Ving做结果状语放在句末时用逗号。
He worked hard to enter key university.
He worked hard, entering key university.
2. 表结果
不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型
① so …as to …
Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time?
② such (…) as to …
I’m not such a fool as to believe that.
③ adj./adv. + enough to …
The boy is old enough to go to school.
④ too … to …
His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.
⑤ only to find, only to be told 出乎意料之外的结果
What I said to make you angry.
注意：too…to通常表示太……而不……，但在下列句子中没有否定的意思。
She is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。
He is too anxious to know the examination results.
他很急切地想知道考试结果。
完成句子：
The question is too difficult for me to answer.
对我来说，这个问题很难回答。
He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.
他说他足够聪明可以独自应付这件事。
Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio?
请你帮我把收音机调低一点好吗？
He woke up only to find himself in hospital.
他醒来发现自己在医院里。
The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适合饮用。
The room is very comfortable to live in. 这个房间住起来很舒服
2.不定式作形容词的状语
如：I’m glad to meet you.
I’m anxious to know the result.
I’m sorry to say that.
完成句子：
They are surprised to learn of his death.
得知他死亡的消息，他们很惊讶。
We are proud to be young people of new China.
成为新中国的青年，我们感到很骄傲。
另外，hard, difficult, easy, fit，comfortable等词也可以接动词不定式。这时候，作句子主语的除了是表示人的词外，还可以是表示物的词。如：
The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适合饮用。
The bed is comfortable to lie on.
完成句子：
The question is easy to solve.
The box is heavy to carry.
The ice is too thin to skate on.
She is nice to work with.
The pen is smooth to write with.
注意：后两句中的不定式与句子的主语或宾语之间是动宾关系，此时如果不定式动词是不及物动词，则需要带上适当的介词。
▲与疑问词连用。疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when,
where, how连词 whether等后加动词不定式，构成不定式短语，
在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the world today.
I’m not sure whether to go to the re.
On hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
完成句子：
When to start has not been decided.什么时候出发还没有定。 The problem is how to get there on time.
问题是怎样才能准时到达哪儿。
介词后一般不直接不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。
完成句子：
Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道该怎么做。
▲不定式的复合结构
由for + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式构成的复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。
由for 引出的不定式复合结构，经常与以下形容词连用：
easy / difficult / hard / probable/possible / right / wrong / unnecessary/important
例如： It is necessary for you to finish the work be 内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。 Mum ，I have got some clothes to be washed .
妈妈 ，我有一些衣服要你洗。
3. English is hard to learn .英语很难学。
4. He is hard to deal with . 他这个人很难对付。
5. Mr Smith is a good man to work with .
史密斯先生是一个可以与其合作的好人 。
6. As far as I am concerned , the Great Wall is a good place of
interest to visit . 据我所知，长城是一个可以参观的好名胜。
7. The flowers need watering .这些花需要浇水啦。
8. Does your suit want pressing，sir？ 先生，您的衣服要烫吗？
9. This problem requires studying with great care．
这个问题需要仔细研究。
10.The film is worth seeing .这部影片值得一看。
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