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非谓语动词

编辑：杨某某

非谓语动词就是不能单独作谓语的动词(不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词)。

非谓语动词的特点：

1. 不受动作发生或存在的时及逻辑主语的人称、数和性的限制，故称非限定动词

2. 非谓语动词虽不单独作谓语，但它是动词，具备动词的特征——可以带有宾语、表语、状语甚至

逻辑主语；有体现与其他动词的时间关系的形式的变化——体；有语态的变化

3. 可以充当多种成分：动名词可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语（不充当宾补和状语；作宾补和状语的-ing分词是现在分词）；不定式可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾补；现在分词和过去分词可以充当表语、定语、状语和宾补(不能作主语和宾语)

一、动名词的用法

动名词是在句中起名词的作用的动词形式，保持有动词的特征——可以有自己的表语、宾语或状语甚至逻辑主语,构成动名词短语或动名词的复合结构。动名词所带的逻辑主语通常是形容词性物主代词、宾格代词、名词所有格或普通格。

一、形式：

体

主 动

被 动



一般体

writing

being written



完成体

having written

having been written





二、句法功能

动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。

1. 作主语

1.) 直接位于句首作主语

e. g. Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。

Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣。

注意：单个的动名词作主语时，谓语动词为单数。

2.) 用it作形式主语，把动名词(真主语)置于句末。

e. g. It is no use / no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收

It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。

这种用法的常用句型：It is + no use / no good / useless / fun / a waste of time /a pleasure … + v-ing.

注意：当表语为important, essential, necessary等形容词时，真正主语不用动名词而用不定式。

2. 作宾语

1.) 作动词宾语

*只能用动名词作宾语(不能用不定式)的动词：admit, advise, allow, appreciate(欣赏、感激), avoid, cannot help, consider, delay, deny, discus, enjoy, envy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practice, risk, resist(抵制), stand, suggest等；部分短语动词接动名词(如give up, put off, keep on等)。

e. g. Would you mind opening the window? 把窗户打开好吗？

The bird was so lucky that it just missed being caught(被捉).

Seeing the picture, he couldn’t help laughing. 看了这幅画，他禁不住大笑起来。

He narrowly escaped being run over (被碾压) by a car.

Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.

每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。

2.) 作介词宾语

接动名词的有绝大多数介词和含介词的短语：be afraid of, be fond of, be good at, be interested in, be tired of, be / get used to, dream of / about, get down to, hear of, insist on, instead of, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, set about, succeed (in), think of / about, worry about等等。

e. g. We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。

I object to carrying out the plan.

Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活？

Ann has been looking forward to coming to China for a long time. 安好久以来就盼望着来中国。

3. 作表语

动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示事或活动的名词或what引导的名词性从句。动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。

e. g. Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)

What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。

4. 作定语

动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种功能、作用或用途。

e. g. a walking stick ＝a stick for walking = a stick that is used for walking

a washing machine = a machine for washing = a machine that is used for washing

a reading room = a room for reading = a room that is used for reading

三、动名词的复合结构

若句中没有动名词的执行者或承受者，则动名词必须自带一个执行者或承受者作逻辑主语，这种自带逻辑主语的结构称为动名词的复合结构。动名词的逻辑主语通常是形容词性的物主代词或名词所有格，作宾语时也可能用名词的普通格或代词宾格。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。

1. 复合结构的形式

A. 名词所有格/物主代词+动名词 B. 名词通格/人称代词宾格+动名词(只能作宾语)

e. g. I insist on Mary’s going there. 我坚持要玛丽到那儿去

In fact, I think it’s very much nicer without him, if you don’t mind me saying so.

2. 复合结构的功能

1.) 作主语

e. g. Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 他们前来帮忙对我们来说是极大的鼓舞。

Lao Li’s going there won’t be of much help. 老李去不会有多大帮助。

2.) 作表语

e. g. The problem is your relying too much on others.

The main trouble is their not having enough money.

3.) 作宾语

e. g. She forgot my telling her about it.

Do you mind my /me smoking? 我抽烟你介意吗？

四、动名词的体和语态：

A. 体：体现出动名词所表示的动作或状态的与剧中其他动词的时间关系的形式。(动名词没有进行体)

1. 一般体：表示的情况通常为不明确其发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或与谓语动词同时或在其之后发生的动作。

e. g. I hate talking with such people.

Being careless is not a good habit.

2. 完成体：表示的动作或状态发生或出现在谓语动词之前。

e. g. I don’t remember having met him before. 我记不得以前见过他。

He denied having taken any money from the cash register. 他否认从现金出纳机里拿了钱。

B. 语态：逻辑主语决定着语态——逻辑主语时执行者时用主动语态，是承受者时用被动语态。

1.) 一般体被动语态：

e. g. I don’t like being laughed at in public. 我不喜欢在公共场合被人嘲笑。

He came in without being asked. 没有谁请他进来他自己进来了。

2.) 完成式被动语态：

e. g. I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高兴你获得了一块奖牌。

3.) 某些动词后常用一般体代替完成式：

e. g. Excuse me for being late. 我来晚了请你原谅。

Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢给我们这么大的帮助。

五、动名词的否定式：not + v-ing (not放在逻辑主语后的第一个助动词前面)

e. g. I regret not being able to help you. 我很抱歉不能帮助你。

I apologize for not having waited for you. 没有等你，我向你表示歉意。

注意一个特殊的否定结构： “There + be + no + v-ing” 结构。

e. g. There’s no saying what he’ll be doing next.

There’s no telling what he’s going to do.

六、动名词与动词不定式的区别：

1. 作主语或表语时：

不定式和动名词都可以用作主语，但动名词多用来表示泛指抽象的动作或经常性的动作；不定式多用来特指具体的动作。

比较：Smoking is not good for health. (泛指任何人任何时候抽烟)

It is not good for you to smoke so much. (特指具体的对象“你”抽烟)

My job is teaching English. (指“我”现阶段经常性的工作)

Our task now is to increase food production. (指具体到现在的任务)

2. 作宾语：非谓语动词作宾语时，用动名词还是用不定式主要取决于谓语动词本身的用法

① like, hate, prefer等动词：

A. 如果表示一般倾向，多用动名词作宾语：

e. g. I like reading books in my spare time. They prefer walking to cycling.

B. 如指特定的或具体的某次行为，常用不定式作宾语：

e. g. I like to read that book(读那本书).

He prefers to stay at home (呆在家) today.

② 既可用动名词作宾语又可用不定式作宾语的常用动词：

like, love, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, want, need, stop, remember, forget, try, attempt

a.有的区别不大：

e. g. Let’s continue working / to work (工作).

When did you begin learning / to learn English(学英语)?

b. 有的接不同形式含义不同(如remember, forget, regret, try, stop, mean, go on等)：

e. g. He tried speaking English to us. 他试着用英语和我们讲话。

Please try to do it better next time. 下次请设法做得更好些。

This means setting out at once. 这意味着立即出发。

He really meant to come. 他确实打算来的。

c. 表示“需要”的want, need, require, deserve等动词后：

主语是事物时，宾语既可用动名词的主动式也可用不定式的被动式

e. g. My watch needs repairing / to be repaired.

The house wants cleaning / to be cleaned.

The way deserves mentioning / to be mentioned.

These young trees will require looking after / to be looked after carefully.

d. advise, allow, consider, forbid, permit, recommend等后常用动名词作单某某，用不定式作宾语补足语

e. g. We don’t allow smoking here(在此抽烟).

Her mother doesn’t allow her to stay up late(熬夜).

注意：主语和表语都为非谓语动词时，主语和表语所用形式一致。

e. g. Seeing is believing. / To see is to believe. 眼见为实。

3. 作定语

作定语时，动名词用单个的词，故放在被修饰的词前面，表示被修饰词语的用途；而不定式作定语都是短语，放在被修饰词的后面，表示具体特定的将来情况。

七、动名词与现在分词的区别

1. 作表语的区别

①.动名词作表语与主语指的是同一件事。把主语和表语交换位置，意思不变。

e. g. My hobby is swimming. 可改为：Swimming is my hobby.

②.现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质, 不能与主语互换位置, 但可加very, quite等副词修饰。

e. g. The story is (very) interesting. (不可改为: Interesting is the story. )

③. 动名词作表语时，不可与进行时态相混淆，如：

e. g. Her job is washing clothes. (动名词作表语时，主语是事或活动)

She is washing clothes now. (现在进行时的主语多是人或物)

2. 动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词，区别在于:

动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途，而现在分词描述名词的性质?状态或动作：

e. g. a swimming boy 一个正在游泳的男孩(=a boy who is swimming, swimming表示被修饰名词boy的动作)

a swimming suit游泳衣(=a suit for swimming, swimming表示suit的用途)

八、练习: 填空

1. I wouldn't advise (go) there by bus, because it is too crowded.

2. While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _______________ (persuade) into buying something they don’t really need.

3. I don’t mind (not invite) to the party.

4. ____________________ (not completed) the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.

5. According to a recent U. S. survey, children spend up to 25 hours a week _________ (watch) TV.

6. Tony was very unhappy for not having ___________ (invite) to the party.

7. Tony, would you go and see if Sam has any difficulty _______ (fix) his tape recorder?

二、不定式

不定式的构成

不定式是由不定式符号 “to + 动词原形” 构成，某些情况下可能不带to。为了体现不定式与句中其它动词时间上的先后关系及其与其逻辑主语的关系，不定式也分别有“体”和语态的变化(以speak为例)：

?

主动式

被动式



一般体

to speak

to be spoken



进行体

to be speaking

to be being spoken



完成体

to have spoken

to have been spoken



完成进行式

to have been speaking

to have been being spoken





不定式的特征：不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中除不能作谓语外，它可以充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。

1. 不定式的功能

1.) 作主语：(是用不定式还是用动名词作主语取决于该主语所表示的意义)(参见动名词作主语的用法)

e. g. To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。

很多情况下，人们用it作形式主语，而把不定式短语移到谓语之后，使句子显得平稳一些：

e. g. It’s good manners to wait in line. 排队等候是很有礼貌的。

It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that(听他那样跟他母亲讲话 内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。 _____ (educate) people about this problem. (2021全国II卷)

23. I was so _______ (excite) when he wrote back to me. (2021全国II卷)

24. It is possible ________ (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers. (2021全国甲卷)

25. After _________ (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action. (2021全国甲卷)

26. Minimize the impact of ________ (visit) the place. (2021全国乙卷)

27. Accommodations aim _______ (have) a low impact on the natural environment. (2021全国乙卷)

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