初中英语语法一：名词
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初中英语语法一：名词
引导语部分
英语语法分为词法和句法两大部分，词法指英语词汇的形态变化、句法功能等；句法指句型、句子成分、时态、语态、语气等。
一、根据词的语法功能分类
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二、根据词的意义分类
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名词（Nouns）
名词是一种实词，用来表示人、动物、事物、地点、状态或抽象概念的词。在句中，名词可以作主、表、宾、定、宾补、同位语等成分。
一、名词的分类
专有名词——表示人、事物、时间、地点、组织机构等专有的名称。专有名词中每个实词的首字母要大写。
eg: China, Beijing, the Great Wall, July, the UN, Christmas
普通名词——
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二、名词的数量变化
（一）名词复数形式的规则变化
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备注：48个英语音标表：20个元音+28个辅音
一、单元音12个短元音：[i] [?] [?] [u] [Λ] [?] [e] 长元音：[i:] [?:] [?:] [u:] [XXXXX:]
二、双元音8个[ai] [ei] [?i] [au] [?u] [i?] [e?] [u?]
三、清浊成对的辅音10对 清辅音：[p] [t] [k] [f] [θ] [s] [tr] [ts] [∫] [t∫]
浊辅音：[b] [d] [g] [v] [e] [z] [dr] [dz] [?] [d?]
四、其他辅音8个[h] [m ] [n] [?] [l] [r] [w] [j]
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（二）名词复数的不规则变化
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（三）不可数名词复数的表示法
初中常见的不可数名词（物质名词和抽象名词），如下：
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那么如何表示不可数名词的数量呢？
1、借助数、量的单位词表示不可数名词的数量，如下：
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2、物质名词和抽象名词在表示特殊意思时，可成为可数名词，有复数形式，如下：
Cake is a kind of food.(泛指概念 不可数)
These cakes are sweet.(特指 可数)
I like eating fruit. (泛指概念 不可数)
His gandpa plants various fruits. (特指种类 可数)
My hometown is famous for tea. (泛指概念 不可数)
Two teas,please. (特指 可数)
My mother’s hair is gray. (泛指概念 不可数)
She has a few white hairs. (特指 可数)
3、有些名词在中国人看来不可数，但在英语中，习惯在其前面加a(an)，表示某种具体的情况或概念，如下：
I had a good time at the party.
After supper we go out for a wake.
Let’s have a rest.
Tom caught a cold.
He got a big success.
Wish you a nice trip.
（四）名词复数的一些习惯用法（背记）
1、常用复数形式的名词，如下：
pants 裤子
socks 短袜
pyjamas 睡衣
stairs 楼梯
fireworks 焰火
jeans 牛仔裤
trousers 裤子
shorts 短裤
scissors 剪刀
glasses 眼镜
clothes 衣服
thanks 感谢
2、形式上像复数，意思是单数的名词，如下：
news 消息，crossroads 十字路口，physics 物理学，mathematics 数学，politics 政治
注意：这些名词做主语是，谓语动词要用单数形式，如下：
Physics is easy to learn.
3、表示总称意义的名词，总是用作复数，如下：
The police have caught him.
4、有些集合名词即可表示单数内容，也可表示复数意义，如下：
My family is a big one.(指整体)
When he came in,my family were watching TV. (指个体)
常用的名词还有：class, team, group, club, crew, youth, government, committee, army
（五）同一个名词，即可作为可数名词，又可作为不可数名词的用法
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（六）可数名词与表示度量的单位词搭配
eg: a bunch of flowers, a suit of clothes, three teams of players…
注意：1、用 a pair of 表示一对、一双、一副时，表示由两个相同部分组成的名词。
eg: a pair of shoes, a pair of trousers, a pair of glasses
2、若表达具体的数目，在pair前加基数词。
eg: two pairs of shoes
3、有形容词修饰时，将形容词放在pair前面。
eg: a new pair of shoes
三、名词所有格
（一）基本概念
名词的格是指名词所具有的形式及其变化，表示名词在句子中与其他词的关系。名词有普通格和所有格，普通格即名词本身。
什么是名词所有格？一般表示名词与名词之间的所属关系时的形式叫做名词所有格，一般在句子中作定语，即汉语中的“…的…“，如下：
The book is mine.
The woman is my teacher.
This is a map of China.
June 1st is Children’s Day.
She is my sister’s friend.
I met a friend of my father’s.
（二）名词的of所有格
名词+of+名词，如下：
Beijng is the capital of our country.
Please open the door of the room.
He is the grandpa of the children.
（三）名词的‘s所有格
1、构成结构
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2、应用方式
1）表示有生命的人或物的名词的所属关系。
eg: Do you know which is my friend’s desk?
2）表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体机构等无生命的名词的所属关系
eg: today’s newspaper
a ten minutes’walk
Chinese’s industry
3）表示类别或属性
eg: men’s shoes
a doctor’s degree
a worker’s family
children’s books
a summer’s day
4）表示动作的执行者或承受者
eg: my teacher’s praise
children’s education
注意：
当‘s所有格后面的名词如果是指商店、住宅、教室、诊所某地点时，这个名词常常省略，如下：
the doctor’s 诊所 the tailor’s 裁缝店
my uncle’s 我叔叔家 st. Paul’s 圣保罗大教堂
‘s所有格修饰的名词，如果上文已经提到，为了避免重复也可以省略，如下：
This is not Mary’s desk, but her friend’s.
（四）双重所有格
双重所有格是指由两种所有格重叠起来构成的，即“of所有格+‘s所有格（或名词性物主代词）”。双重所有格表示部分的概念，如下：
He is a classmate of Tom’s. 他是汤姆的一个同班同学。
= He is one of Tom’s classmates.
= He is a classmate of mine. （名词性物主代词）
四、名词的句法功能
作主语：The boy is clever.
作表语：My mother is a teacher.
作直接宾语：She told me a story.
作间接宾语：She told the boy a story.
作介词宾语：The shirt is made up of cotton.
作宾语补足语：She call her baby honey. = Her baby is called honye by her. （主补语）
作定语：I bought the story-book in this book shop.
作同位语：Grace, my teacher is very nice.
注意：名词作定语与形容词作定语的区别
形容词做定语——
主要表示名词的性质、状态，通常为形容词+名词，如：a beautiful girl, a long table.
名词作定语——
表示被修饰名词的材料、用途、内容和时间等，一般用单数形式，但也有用复数作定语的情况，如：orange juice, coffee cuo, sports meet, parents meeting.
第一练 名词
一、基础知识练习题
1.My elder sister has____.
A.long hair B.long hairs C.a long hair D.some long hair
2.I can see some____on the tDable.
A.oniones B.tomatos C.tomatoes D.milks
3.—Excuse me,are you____?
—No,we are____.
A.American,Englishman B.American,Germans C.Americans,German D.Englishman,Americans
4.After lunch,I wash____.
A.the dish B.dishes C.the dishes D.dish
5.Tony can’t see the blackboard clearly,so he wears____.
A.a glass B.glass C.glasses D.a hat
6.There are some____in the river.
A.grass B.fish C.water D.earth
7.—What’s in the cupboard?
—A few____,but little____.
A.apples,coffee B.coffee,apples C.Apple,coffees D.coffees,apple
8.On her birthday,she asked the Turners to her home. The Turner means____. A.Turner and his wife B.Turner and his friend
C.Turner and her D.the turner’s parents
9.How many____do you have?
A.tooth B.teeth C.tooths D.teeths
10.In the traffic accident five people lost(失去)their____.
A.life B.lives C.lifes D.leaves
11.Are there many____in your school?
A.woman teachers B.women teacher
C.woman teacher’s D.women teachers
12.Some____are on those____.
A.watch;shelf B.watches;shelfs
C.watchs;shelfes D.watches;shelves
13.You’ll have____to see everything in Beijing.
A.much times B.many time C.enough time D.enough times
14.There are____in those two____.
A.thousand of people;factories B.thousands of person;factorys
C.thousands of people;factories D.thousand of peoples;factorys
15.—How many____are there in the kitchen?
—Only two.
A.bag of rice B.bags of rice C.bags of rices D.bag of rices
16.Please give some____.
A.a bread B.a few bread C.a piece of bread D.some breads
17.Please give some____to Polly every day.
A.bird’s food B.food of birds C.bird food D.birds food
18.Lucy said she hadn’t heard____music before.
A.such a beautiful piece of B.a beautiful
C.so beautiful a D.such a wonderful
19.The students are doing____.
A.homeworks B.his homework C.their homework D.their homeworks
20.Lin Hao saved two of his classmates after the earthquake. It took him____to get to safety.
A.seven hours’walk B.seven hour walk
C.seven hour’s walk D.seven hours walk
21.The man is____father.
A.Lily or Lucy B.Lily’s and Lucy’s C.Lily’s or Lucy D. Lily and Lucy’s 22.—Whose magazine is it?Is it____?
—Yes.It’s hers.
A.Mike B.Mike’s C.Lucy D.Lucy’s
23.June 1st is____Day.All the children enjoy it very.
A.Children B.Childrens’ C.Children’s D.Child
24.Come on,children!Help____to some____.
A.yourself;meat B.yourselves;chicken
C.yourselves;beefs D.yourselfs;fish
25.The pants I bought last year are too small now.I think I need a new____.
A.belt B.pair C.shirt D.space
26.—What do you like?
—____.I run every morning,and often play tennis at weekends.
A.Sports B.Music C.Art D.Subjects
27.In order to stay fit,people pay more attention to their____.
A.diet B.experience C.thoughts D.awards
28.—I’m going to the supermarket.Let me get you some fruit.
—OK.Thanks for your____.
A.offer B.information C.message D.order
29.There are many____playing in the playground.
A.child B.children C.teachers D.sheeps
30.—Yao Ming is very popular among teenagers.
—Yes.Many middle school students are his____.
A.heroes B.stars C.fans D.brothers
二、全国中考试题题选
1.Katherine was excited to receive a dozen of roses from her husband on____Day. [广东]
A.Woman B.Women C.Woman’s D.Women’s
2.—Is the schoolbag under the desk yours? [湖南XX]
—No,it’s my____.He left it there just now.
A.brother B.Brother’s C.brothers’
3.Yesterday for dinner I had a piece of beef,vegetables and____.[广东XX] A.some rice B.a few of rice C.a little of rice D.a rice
4.—Lily,could you please pass me the____?I want to cut the apple.
—Sure,here you are. [XX]
A.pen B.pencil C.book D.knife
5.—Will you fix up the machine according to the____,David?
—No problem. [湖北XX]
A.instructions B.inventions C.invitation D.interviews
6.—You may go to Milan for a free trip.
—It’s a very kind____,but I really can’t accept it. [河南]
A.excuse B.offer C.promise D.decision
7.—Nobody known which te 内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。 am tired,This is not the right____to ask me to go for a walk. [浙江XX] A.moment B.chance C.place D.season
20.US First Lady Michelle Obama encouraged students to study abroad in her____ when visiting parking University on March 22,2014. [江苏镇XX]
A.story B.speech C.letter D.diary
参考答案
一、基础知识练习题
1A 2C 3B 4C 5C 6B 7A 8A 9B 10B 11D 12D 13C 14C 15B 16C 17C 18A 19C 20A 21D 22D
23C 24B 25A 26A 27A 28A 29B 30C
二、全国中考试题题选
1D 2B 3A 4D 5A 6B 7D 8C 9B 10A 11C 12D 13B 14B 15B 16A 17C 18D 19A 20B
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