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第二章社会文化概况

第一节 历史地理

Please make a brief introduction of the Silk Road. P44

The Silk Road was a trade route in ancient China, which started from the ancient capital Chang’an, the center of politics, economy and culture in ancient China. It stretched all the way to Central Asia, North Africa and Europe, and extended as far as countries like India and Rome. The Silk Road was initially opened up during the Han dynasty and reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty. As silk comprised a large proportion of commodities transported along this road, some experts call the trade routes between China and the West as "the Silk Road". It is not only an important ancient international trade route, but also a cultural bridge linking Asia with Africa and Europe. Along this road, many Chinese great inventions were spread to the Western world and Buddhism was also introduced to China.

Please make a brief introduction of the West Lake. P48

West Lake is a famous fresh water lake located in the historic area of Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang province in eastern China. It evolved from a shallow bay through which the Qiantang River flowed into the East China Sea. The name was fixed as early as the Tang Dynasty. Lying in the west of Hangzhou, it is usually called West Lake. It was appreciated by the renowned Song Dynasty poet Su Dongpo, who compared it to Xizi, a Chinese legendary beauty. Since then, the West Lake has another elegant name Xizi Lake. West Lake covers an area of 6.39 square kilometers. The average depth is about 2.27 meters with the deepest being 5 meters. Surrounded by verdant mountains on three sides and prosperous city on one side, the lake is divided into 5 parts by the causeways of Su Di, Bai Di, and Yanggong Di. Within the lake, there are numerous temples, pagodas, gardens and artificial islands .

第二节 文化符号

Please make a brief introduction of the Great Wall. P52

As one of the symbols of China, the Great Wall is a wonder not only to China but also to the whole world. It was first built in the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods. After the unification of China, the first Emperor of Qin linked up different sections of the walls to prevent the invasion of the enemies. The present preserved Great Wall of China is the major parts built in the 14th century, called Ming Great Wall. Nowadays, the remains of the Great Wall scatter in the provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan, Shandong, Hubei and Hunan, the autonomous regions of Xinjiang, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, and the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin in China. With a long history of more than 2,000 years, the Great Wall of China was listed as World Heritage by UNESCO in 1987. Until now, the Great Wall is still one of the most popular attractions in the world.

Please make a brief introduction of Chinese Kung Fu/ martial art? P53&P56

Chinese martial arts enjoy a long history and great popularity in China. Influenced by ancient Chinese aesthetics which advocated a balance between hardness and softness, Chinese martial arts have formed their own aesthetic standards. Today, many people practice it to pursue health, entertainment and competition. In order to inherit the ancient art, many martial arts clubs and associations have been established across China. It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defense in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks. The core idea of Chinese Kung Fu is derived from the Confucian theory of neutralization about cultivating qi, which was known as nourishing one's spirit. Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism.

Chinese Kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defense in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks, The core idea of Chinese Kung fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both —the mean and harmony and —cultivating qi (otherwise known as nourishing one's spirit). Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and it emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers' pondering of life and the universe. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing (Tajiquan), form and will boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, hooks, prongs and so on.

Please make a brief introduction of the Traditional Chinese Medicine. P53

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an integral part of Chinese culture. It is defined as a medical science governing the traditional Chinese medical theory and practice, including Chinese therapies, herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage and Qigong. TCM has made great contributions to the prosperity of China, and today both western medicine and TCM are being used in providing healthcare services in China. TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, systematic treatment, abundant historical literature and materials, has attracted a lot of attention from the international community. National policies, laws and regulations governing TCM are now in place to guide and promote the research and development in this promising industry.

Please make a brief introduction of the Four Treasures of the Study in ancient China? P54

The writing brush, ink stick, paper and ink stone were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “four treasures of the study”. The use of writing brush and ink stick can be traced back to 5,000 years ago. In the Qin Dynasty (221B.C.-206B.C.), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han Dynasty (206B.C.-220A.D.), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. After the Song Dynasty (960A.D.-1279A.D.), the "Four Treasures of the Study" particularly referred to hub, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province; huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province; and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province (Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the "Four Treasures of the Study" have written the whole Chinese civilization.

Please make a brief introduction of the 24 solar terms. P55

The 24 solar terms is a general term for the system that consists of 12 major solar terms and 12 minor solar terms associated with each other. It can reflect the climate change, guide agricultural arrangements, affect people's lives. In the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods, people began to use solar terms as the supplementary calendar. It was in 104 B.C. that the 24 solar terms were finally established. As we know, China is a country with a long history of agriculture, and agricultural production is largely influenced by the laws of nature. In ancient times, farmers arranged agricultural activities according to the movement of the sun, which was the influential factor of the 24 solar terms.

第三节 名胜古迹

Please make a brief introduction of Imperial Palace/the Forbidden City. P63

The Imperial Palace, also called the Forbidden City, was the palace where the 24 emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties ruled China for roughly 500 years. The Imperial Palace is located in the center of Beijing, on the northern side of Tian'anmen Square, rectangular 内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。 t the interests of all, and efforts should be made to integrate the development strategies of the countries along the Belt and Road. The Chinese govermment has drafted and published the Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road to promote the implementation of the Initiative, instilling vigor and vitality into the ancient Silk Road.

生活方式

Which social media do you use most? And why do you like it and what do you use it for?（课本话题扩展，无参考答案）

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