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Earth Science Final Examination (Senior 3)

（For self-study students/60 minutes）

Class：___________ Chinese Name：_______________ Score：_____________

Part I True or False (1*15=15 points)

Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.

1. All ecosystems have the same general roles that living things fill. T

2. Scavengers are animals that kill and eat other animals. T

3. Energy flows through an ecosystem in just one direction. T

4. Each niche in an ecosystem can be inhabited by only one species. T

5. Species that are parasites usually kill their host species. F

6. A population has exceeded its carrying capacity if it uses up resources faster than they can be replenished. T

7. The same factors limit human population growth all over the world. T

8. Every major advance in agriculture has allowed the global human population to increase. T

9. Human activities can greatly increase the rate of soil erosion. T

10. Parking lots with special permeable pavement can reduce runoff and erosion. T

11.Hazardous wastes include medical wastes and agricultural chemicals. T

12. Nations that have more industry produce more hazardous waste. T

13. The safest way to dispose of household hazardous wastes is down the toilet. F

14. Plant nutrients may be lost from soil because of air pollution. T

15. Raising some species by aquaculture can cause environmental problems. T

Part II: Multiple Choice (2*20=40 points)

1. Organisms that are producers include d

plants. b. bacteria c. phytoplankton. d. all of the above

2. Consumers that eat only producers are called c

a. omnivores. b. carnivores. c. herbivores. d. predators.

3. Organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring belong to the same a

a. species. b. population. c. community. d. ecosystem.

4. Organisms that break down dead organisms and return the nutrients to the ecosystem are classified as d

a. prey. b. predators. c. scavengers. d. decomposers.

5. Compounds that contain carbon include d

a. calcium carbonate. b. carbon dioxide. c. glucose. d. all of the above

6. Carbon reservoirs include d

a. forests. b. fossil fuels. c. oceans. d. all of the above

7. Nitrogen may be fixed by a

a. lightning. b. plants called legumes. c. animals that eat plants. d. all of the above

8. Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere in all of the following processes except d

a. decomposition. b. volcanic eruption. c. cellular respiration. d. photosynthesis.

9. Processes involved in the long-term cycling of carbon include a

a. photosynthesis. b. respiration. c. carbon fixing. d. sedimentation.

10. Human actions that increase soil erosion are those that d

a. remove vegetation. b. disturb the soil. c. allow the soil to dry out. d. all of the above

11. How do trees help protect soil from erosion? d

a. Their roots hold soil in place. b. Their canopy shields soil from hard rain.

c. Their fallen leaves cover soil. d. all of the above

12. Hazardous wastes include substances that are d

a. toxic. b. corrosive. c. flammable. d. any of the above

13. Which age group is generally most susceptible to the ill effects of hazardous chemicals? a

a. infants b. adolescents c. young adults d. middle-aged adults

14. Hazardous items commonly found in households include d

a. batteries. b. herbicides. c. paints. d. all of the above

15. Forests are natural resources that may be used for d

a. timber. b. habitat. c. recreation. d. all of the above

16. Electronic wastes such as old computers d

a. are hazardous wastes. b. contain only harmless materials.

c. can be disposed of safely in landfills. d. two of the above

17. Which of the following non-renewable resources is least likely to run out? b

a. coal b. gravel c. diamond d. petroleum

18. To obtain useable energy, energy is generally needed to d

a. find an energy source. b. extract the energy. c. transport the energy. d. all of the above

19. Municipal uses of water include b

a. drinking. b. lawn watering. c. clothes washing. d. all of the above

20. Examples of primary air pollutants include all of the following except d

a. carbon monoxide. b. nitrogen dioxide. c. ozone. d. sulfur trioxide.

Part III: Matching (1*10=10 points)

Match each definition with the correct term.

Terms

a. mutualism 9 b. parasitism 5 c. corrosive 6 d. topsoil 3

e. renewable resource 2 f. carbon sink 1 g. water pollution 10 h. nitrogen fixing 4

i. conserve 7 j. energy efficiency 8

Definitions

1. reservoir where more carbon is stored than released

2. any natural resource that is limitless or can be regenerated as quickly as it is used

3. layer of soil most likely to be eroded

4. changing nitrogen gas to a form that plants can use

5. relationship between species in which one species benefits and the other species is harmed

6. having the ability to destroy other things by chemical reactions

7. to reduce the use of a natural resource so it will last longer

8. amount of useful work done by a unit of energy

9. relationship between species in which both species benefit

10. any contaminant that gets into lakes, streams, or oceans

Part IV: Critical Reading (15 points)

Read this passage based on the text and answer the questions that follow.

Acid Rain

Acid rain is caused by sulfur and nitrogen oxides emanating from power plants or metal refineries. Tall smokestacks allow the emissions to rise high into the atmosphere and travel up to 1,000 km (600 miles) downwind. As the pollutants move, they combine with water vapor in the atmosphere to form sulfuric and nitric acids. The acid droplets form acid fog, rain, or snow; or they may be deposited dry. Most typical is acid rain.

Acid rain is rainwater that is more acidic than normal rainwater. Acidity is measured on the pH scale. Neutral substances have a pH of 7.0. Acidic substances have lower pH values, and basic (or alkaline) substances have higher pH values. Normal rain is somewhat acidic with a pH of 5.6. To be considered acid rain, rainwater must have a pH of less than 5.0. A small change in pH represents a large change in acidity. For example, rain with a pH of 4.6 is 10 times more acidic than normal rain with a pH of 5.6, and rain with a pH of 3.6 is 100 times more acidic than normal rain.

Acid precipitation ends up in soil and bodies of water. Some forest soils in the northeastern U.S. that receive a lot of acid rain are five to ten times more acidic than they were two or three decades ago. Acid rain that soaks into soil strips the soil of metals and nutrients. Soils may no longer have enough nutrients for plants to grow. Runoff from the soils carries the metals and nutrients to streams and lakes, and it makes these bodies of water even more acidic.

When lakes become too acidic, aquatic organisms die off. No fish can live if the pH of the water drops below 4.5, and organic material also cannot decay. Wildlife that depends on the lakes for drinking water may suffer population declines.

Plants—including food crops—that are exposed to acids in soils and rainwater become weak. They are more likely to be damaged by bad weather, insect pests, or disease. Snails and some other small soil organisms die in acid soils, so many birds do not have as much food to eat. Young birds and mammals do not build bones as well and may not be as strong. Eggshells may also be weak and break more easily.

Questions

What is acid rain? What causes it?

Acid rain is rainwater that is more acidic than normal rainwater with a pH of less than 5.0.

Acid rain is caused by sulfur and nitrogen oxides emanating from power plants or metal refineries.

How does the acid rain affect soils and bodies of wat 内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。 ays to either prevent or safely dispose of hazardous materials?

Reduce toxicity through careful use.

Many hazardous wastes can be recycled safely and effectively, while other wastes will be treated and disposed of in landfills or incinerators.

Reclaiming – Regeneration or processing to recover a useful product

Reuse/use – Substituting it for another product or using it as an industrial ingredient

Burning to recover energy – Burning for fuel

Disposal through use – Placement of waste on the land.

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