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课程主题： 定语从句复习





【知识点】

知识点1：定语从句的定义及相关术语

术语

定义

说明



定语从句

修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。

注意三点：

1）把从句看成是一个整体，在主句中做定语；

2）其做的是主句中某一个名词或代词的定语；

3）其对这个名词或代词起到限定修饰或补充说明的作用。



先行词

被定语从句修饰的那个名词或代词称为先行词。

注意三点：

1）被定语从句所限定修饰；

2）其在主句中；

3）其词性是名词或代词。



关系词

引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。

关系词有关系代词和关系副词。

关系词常有三个作用：

引导定语从句；

代替先行词；

在定语从句中充当一定成分。



例：Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read.(that I have read是定语从句；

novel是先行词；that 是关系代词，代替先行词novel，在从句中作have read的宾语。)





知识点2：关系词

关系词

指代人或物

定语从句中充当的成分



关系代词

that

人或物

主语、宾语、表语





which

物或主句内容

主语、宾语





who

人

主语、宾语





whom

人

宾语





whose(＝of whom＝of which)

人或物的

定语





as

物或主句内容

主语、宾语



关系副词

when(＝适当介词＋which)

时间

状语





where(＝适当介词＋which)

地点

状语





why(=for which)

原因

状语



批注：通过上面这个表格帮助学生回顾关系代词和关系副词的基本用法，教师可以让学生先自己说一下，学生回答不出来的地方教师进行补充，同时可以让学生注意一下关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中所做的成分的不同，为之后的关系代词和关系副词的选择做好准备。

知识点3：关系代词和关系副词的选择

典例讲解：

例1：

(1)I'll never forget the days___when/on which____we worked on the farm years ago.

I'll never forget the days____which/that/不填___we spent on the farm years ago.

(2)Pisa is a city___where/in which____stands a leaning tower. 从句倒装，主语是a leaning tower stands in ..

Pisa is a city__which/that___has a leaning tower.

(3)The reason___why/for which____he was absent from the meeting was that his mother fell ill suddenly.

The reason___that/which/不填____he gave for his absence from the meeting was that his mother fell ill suddenly.

答案：(1)when/on which, which/that/不填 (2)where/in which, which/that (3)why/for which, that/which/不填

例2：

(1)?Is?this?museum?___the one___?you?visited?a?few?days?ago?

A.?where?? B.?that??? C.?on?which??? D.?the?one

解析：

这是定语从句的一个陷阱题（也是经典题）.做这种题先把疑问句改为陈述句.就是this museum is ____you visited several moths ago.有主语,谓语.发现缺宾语.所以填the one充当先行词.后面是省略that的定语从句

(2)?Is?this?the?museum?___where/in which___?the?exhibition?was?held.

A.?where???? B.?that??? C.?on?which???? D.?the?one

答案：(1)?D (2)?A

解析：

(1)变为肯定句：?This?museum?is?_______?you?visited?a?few?days?ago.

(2)变为肯定句：?This?is?the?museum?_______?the?exhibition?was?held.?

在句1中，所缺部分为主句的表语，the?one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。而句2中，?主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语，表地点，既可用副词where，又因?in?the?museum词组，可用介词in?+?which?引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on?用的不对，所以选A。

批注：关系词的选择依据先行词在从句中所作的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词?(who,?whom,?that,?which,?whose, as)；?先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词?(?where?地点状语，when?时间状语，why?原因状语)?。提醒学生注意不能见到时间就用when，见到地点就用where，要注意分析句子成分。

定语从句的分类和考点

知识点1：

1. 限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句对主句中的先行词起限定修饰作用，翻译的时候一般直接把从句翻译成先行词的定语，关系密切。

2. 非限制性定语从句：非限制性定语从句只对主句中先行词作附加说明，关系不密切，如果省去从句，主句所表达的概念依然明确、完整。非限制性定语从句要用逗号与主句分开，不能用that连接。

批注：其实限制性与非限制性的区别就在于一个逗号的区别，高考主要考察的知识点就是逗号之后不能用that。

主句n/pron + 关系词 + （从句）。 （限制性定语从句）

主句n/pron ，+ 关系词 + （从句）。 （非限制性定语从句）

例1：Alice?received?an?invitation?from?her?boss,?_______came?as?a?surprise.

A.?it??? B.?that??? C.?which???? D.?he

答案：C

解析：?此题为非限制性定语从句，不能用?that修饰，而用which, it?和he?都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接，况且选he句意不通。

例2：Women _____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _____ don’t.

A. who, 不填 B.不填，who C. who, who D. 不填，不填

答案：C

解析：此题为限制性定语从句，两个从句中均缺少主语，因此选择who，代替先行词women和those。

例3：It is reported that two schools, _______ are being built in my hometown, will open next year.

A. they both B. which both C. both of them D. both of which

答案：D

知识点2：关系代词which 与that 区别

只用that不用which的情况



1.当先行词为everything,nothing,some,any,anything等不定代词或者先行词被any, all, much, no, little, few等修饰时。

There is nothing (that) I can say about it.

He is one of the few that can work it out in five minutes.



2.先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。

This is the best basketball match that I have ever seen.



3.先行词被the only 或the very，the right,just the,exactly the,no,none,every修饰时。

The only thing that we can do is to ask our teachers’ help.



4.先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰时。

When foreigners talk about China, the first that comes to mind is the Great Wall.



5.先行词既包含人又包含物时。

They talked about the factories and workers that they had visited.



6.先行词是疑问代词时。

Who that you have ever seen can beat him in the game?



7.先行词在逻辑上充当定语从句的表语时。

This is no longer the place that it used to be.



只用which不用that的情况



1.关系词前有介词紧密连接，指物的只能用介词+which。

He wrote a book in which we could learn about his life.



2.在非限制性定语从句中。

She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart to her mouth.





例1：He talked a lot about things and persons ________they remembered in the school.

A. which B. that C. whom D. what

答案：B

解析：things和persons是先行词，当定语从句要修饰的先行词是既表示人，又表示物的名词时，其关系代词要用that。

例2：He is the only person ___that/不填____ I want to thank.

A. who B. whom C. whose D. /

答案：D

解析：先行词person由the only修饰，只能选that，又因为先行词在句中做宾语，所以that可以省略，故选D。另外先行词被the?very,?the same修饰时只能用that。

例3：It’s one of the most interesting stories __that/不填___I have __ever曾经___read.

A. which, never B. that, ever C. that, never D. which, ever

答案：B

解析：先行词stories被最高级修饰，所以关系代词用that不用which，排除A与D，再根据句意，这是我曾经读过的…，所以用ever不用never，综上，本题应选B。

知识点3：as和which的选择

which 与as 一般可以用于非限制性定语从句中，代替整个主句，在从句中做成分。

which 一般位于句中，as 句中句首都可以，有“正如……一样”的含义，而which 却没有。

e.g. They have invited me to dinner, which is very kind of them.

关系代词which与as引导定语从句的区别(

位置不同

which只能放在主句后面，而as引导的从句位置相对较灵活，可在前，可在后。如：

As he realized，I was very useful to him.?（在前）正像他所意识到的那样，我对他非常有用。(

Air，as we know, is a gas.（在中）空气，众所周知，是一种气体。(

He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent.?(在后)他是个外国人，正像我从他的口音判断的那样。(

He came late again, which made his boss angry.?（在后）他又来晚了，这一点使得老板很生气。(

表意不同

Which一般翻译成“这一点，这件事”，as一般翻译成“正如，就像”

（3）在which引导的定语从句中，谓语动词若是am，is，are，则这些系动词不能省略，而as后面若是这种情况，则可以省略。如：(

He is a teacher，as (is)clear from his manner.(is可以省略)他是个老师，这从他的言谈举止可看清楚。(

He said he had never seen her before，which was not true.（was 不可省略）他说他从来没见过她，这一点不对。(

补充：as的常用情况：（1）当先行词被so, such修饰时，关系词一般用as。

这里一定要注意与以下句型进行区分：

so/such...as (定语从句，从句不完整，as在从句中做成分)

so/such...that （状语从句，从句完整，that 不做成分，只起到连接的作用）

He is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.

He is such a lazy man that nobody wants to work with him.

补充讲解：

(1)the same…that与the same…as引导的定语从句在意义上的区别：

①This is the same bag that I lost yesterday．这正是我昨天丢失的那个书包。(同一个书包)

②This is the same bag as I lost yesterday．这个书包和我昨天丢失的那个一样。(同类型的另一个)

（2）常用句型：as?we?know/?as?is?known?to?all,?as?we?can?see,?as?has?been?said?before/above,?as?might?be?excepted,?as?is?often?the case 等。

例1：Whenever I met him, ____ was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile.

A. what　　　　　　 B.which　　　　 　C.that　　　　　　 D.when

答案：B

解析：as和which都可以用来指代整个主句，在从句中充当主语、宾语和表语；两词通常可以互换。但当位于句首时，只能用as。

例2：________ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.

A. Which B. When C. What D. As

答案：D

解析：as引导的非限制性定语从句既可在主句前，又可在主句后，或插入主句之中，而which只能置于主句之后。如：

As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun.

＝The earth, as/which is known to us all, turns around the sun.

＝The earth turns around the sun, as/which is known to us all.

例3：Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, ______, of course, made the others envy him.

as B. that C. what D. which

答案：D

解析：主语和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，选择which代替前面的整个句子。

例4：_____ has already been pointed out, grammar is not a set of dead rules.

As　　　　　　　B.It　　　　　　　 C.That　　　　　　 D.Which

答案：A

解析：as有“如”、“正如”、“像”、“正像”的含义，常见的习惯用语有：as is known to all, as we had expected, as has been said before, as is mentioned above, as anybody can see等等。

例5：I have bought the same dress __________ she is wearing.

A. as B. that C. which D. what

答案：A

解析：当先行词受such,?the?same?修饰时，关系词常用as。另外，当先行词受the?same?修饰时，偶尔也用?that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：She?wore?the?same?dress?that?she?wore?at?Mary’s?wedding.??她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。She?wore?the?same?dress?as?her?younger?sister?wore.??她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。

知识点4：“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

1.介词的确定方法?

①根据先行词来确定；

②根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词确定；

③根据定语从句所表达的意义来确定。

2.介词的位置??

①一般情况下，介词放在关系代词which和whom之前，也可放在动词后，注意：that不能放在介词后作宾语。?

②固定搭配的动词短语中的介词一般不能提前.常见的这类动词短语有:??look?for/ 内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。 ight，后一空中的when引导的从句是句子的真正主语。

13．C 介词in + 关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。

14．B 该句是一个复合句，首先把句子的主干找出： The small mountain lies in， 第一空所缺少的是定语从句的引导词，分析从句结构可知，从句中缺状语，所以填where，第二空应是谓语lies in的宾语。what相当于the place that。

15．C which引导非限制性定语从句，同时在从句中entered的宾语。

16．A 此题考查定语从句，介词by + 关系代词引导非限制性定语从句。

17．A 此句只要分析句子结构即可。此句的主句结构为The girl failed at last.其中who引导定语从句修饰先行词the girl， 并且从句中everybody had thought作插入语。

18．C 关系代词which指代a building 并引导一个非限制性定语从句。

19．A which引导非限制性定语从句。

20．D which引导非限制性定语从句，同时又在从句中充当promise的宾语。

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