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定语从句与宾语从句

定语从句

一. 定语从句的基本概念

在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的有关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that和关系副词where, when, why。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。

例：This is the boy who often helps me.

二. 关系代词和关系副词的功能

关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语，关系副词可作状语。

1. 作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。

例：I don’t like people who talk much but do little.

2. 作宾语

例：She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.

3. 作定语：关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。

例：What’s the name of the young man whose father is a doctor?

4. 作状语

例：I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.

三. 关系代词和关系副词的具体用法

1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。

例：The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.

2. whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。

例：Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？

3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。

例：The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.

4. which 指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。作宾语时可省略。

例：A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.

5. that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时可省略。

例：Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?

6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。

例：I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.

7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。

例：The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.

【注意】关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面。

例：That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.

= That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.

四. 特殊用法

1. 只用that不用which 的情况

（1）先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。

例：All that he said is true.

（2）先行词被only, no, any, one of等词修饰时。

例：The giant panda is one of the most lovely animals in the world that live in the mountains of China.

（3）先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。

例：The desk is the second thing that I have made. .

（4）先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。

例：This is the best book that I have read this year.

（5）先行词既包括人又包括物时。

例：He talked about the people and the things that he remembered.

2. 只用which不用that 的情况

（1）在非限制性定语从中。

例：The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.

（2）定语从句由介词+关系/代词引导，先行词是物时。

例：The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.

定语从句练习

1. Yesterday Li Ming went to the village ________ he visited five years ago.

A. where B. who C. that

2. The girl ________ is reading is my sister

A. who B. whom C. which

3. They like to live in a house ________ is not very big but bright and comfortable .

A. that B. who C. what

4. When she got home, the first thing ________ she did was to clean the house.

A. which B. what C. that

5. Running man is a very relaxing TV program ________ is hot among the young people.

A. what B. which C. who

6. The photo ________ taken by my brother last week is very nice.

A. which were B. that were C. which was

7. China has the world’s longest high-speed railway ________ we are proud of.

A. that B. which C. what

8. Those people and exciting stories ________ happened in the movie are well worth learning to us.

A. which B. who C. that

9. I don't like those ________ talk much but do little.

A. who B. whose C. which

10. --- Dad, I'm hungry. Do we have anything to eat?

--- You can have some bread ________ from the supermarket. It's on the table.

A. which I am buying B. that I will buy C. that I bought

11. --- What are you going to do this summer vacation?

--- I'm going to start a club to help students ________ not interested in schoolwork.

A. who is B. that is C. who are

12. --- Don't eat too much junk food.

--- You're right. However, I do like the food ________ tastes good.

A. that B. what C. when

13. --- Hi, Kimmy. Do you know Jam Hsiao?

--- Sure. He is a popular singer ________ comes from Taiwan.

A. who B. which C. Whom

14. I walked in our garden, ________ Tom and Jim were trying a big sign onto one of the trees.

A. which B. where C. that

15. I can think of many cases (例子) ________ students obviously (明显地) knew a lot of English words and

expressions (表达) but couldn’t write a good essay (文章).

A. why B. which C. where

16. --- Why does she always ask you for help?

--- There is no one else ________, is there?

A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to turn

17. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, ________ the sailing time was 226 days.

A. of which B. during which C. from which

18. Alec asked the policeman ________ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.

A. with him B. who C. with whom

19. The sun heats the earth, ________ makes it possible to grow crops.

A. which B. that C. where

20. Is this the factory ________ you visited last week?

A. where B. which C. when

宾语从句

一. 宾语从句的分类

宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语或介词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从/句可分为三类。

1. 由that引导的宾语从句。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，没有实在的意义，在口语和

非正式文体中常常省略。

例：He knew (that) he should work hard.

2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which等和连接副词when, where, why, how等引导的宾语从句。这

些连接代词和连接副词起连接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意义。

例：I wonder where he got so much money.

3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，

在口语中多用if。

例：He asked me whether ( if ) I could help him.

二. 宾语从句的语序

宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序，即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”。特别强调：它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句语序，而不是疑问句的倒装结构。

例：Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?

注意：陈述句变为宾语从句时，要注意人称和时态的变化，语序不变。一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语

从句时，也要注意人称和时态的变化，后面接陈述句语序。

例：She said, “I will leave a message on the desk.”

( She said she would leave a message on the desk.

“Where are the tickets?” I asked him.

( I asked him where the tickets were.

三. 宾语从句的时态

宾语从句中谓语动词的时态，常常受到主句谓语时态的制约，这就是时态呼应。如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时，从句谓语的时态不受限制；如果主句谓语的时态是一般过去时，从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。

例：Please tell us where he is.

He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.

注意：当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时，不管主句谓语的时态如何，从句都用一般现在时。

例：The teacher told us (that) the earth moves around the sun.

四. 宾语从句和状语从句的区别

例：（1）I will go out tomorrow if it is fine.

（2）I don’t know if the train has arrived.

句（1）中if引/导的是状语从句。这个从句表示“条件”，修饰主句。整个句子的意思是如果明天天气好，我就出去。句（2）中if引导的是宾语从句，充当谓语动词don’t know的宾语。整个句子的意思是我不知道火车是否到达。

判断方法：

1. 可以从整个句式看。状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面（个别除外），宾语从句只能放在主句谓

语动词之后。

2. 从引导词看。if充当宾语从句的连接词时，相当于whether， 词义为“是否”，充当状语从句的连接词

时，词义为“如果”。when充当宾语从句的连接词时，意为“什么时候”，充当状语从句的连接词时，

意为“当……的时候”。

3. 从时态看。if和when作连接词时，引导宾语从句要注意：从句的谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作

相应的变化。if和when充当从属连词时，引导条件和时间状语从句，若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，

则从句的时态应用一般现在时表示将来。

宾语从句练习

1. --- I’m afraid I can’t remember ________.

--- In Beijing, I think.

A. where did I first meet you

B. where I first met you

C. when I first met you

2. --- Can you find out our city ________ a lot in the last few years?

--- Yes. The road is wider and the buildings are taller.

A. has changed B. changes C. changed

3. --- Do you know ________ Jenny comes to school every day?[来源:学*科*网Z*X*X*K]

--- Of course I do. She rides her bike．

A. whether B. when C. how

4. --- Are you sure you have to? It’s been very late.

--- I don’t know ________ I can do it if not now.

A.where B. how C. when

5. --- Amy, do you know if Daniel ________ to the farm with us tomorrow if it ________?

--- Sorry, I’ve no idea.

A. will go; will rain B. will go; rains C. goes; will rain

6. I don’t know if he ________ to the party. I will let you know if he _____ 内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。 film has been on

14. --- Do you know ________?

? ? --- For a month.

? ??A.??how long will she be away? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? B. how long she will be away

? ??C.??how often will she go there? ?? ?? ?? ?

15. I don’t know if his uncle ________. I think he ________ if it doesn’t rain.

A. will come; comes B. will come; will come C. comes; comes??

参考答案：

定语从句：1-5 CAACB 6-10 CACAC 11-15 CAABC 16-20 BACAB

宾语从句：1-5 BACCB 6-10 AACCB 11-15 ABBBB

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