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Contents(小二times new roman加粗 居中)

1. Introduction (四号times new roman)---------------------------- ----------------------------- 1

2. The Development of the Concept of TE ---------------------------------1

2.1. Various Views on the Concept of TE------------------------------------1

2.2. The Concept of Functional Equivalence--------------------------------2

2.3. A Brief Introduction of Functional Equivalence-----------------------2

2.4. Principles for Producing Functional Equivalence-------------- -------3

3. The Analysis of the Reasons for the Relative Indeterminacy---------5

3.1. Translator-Specific Aspects of TE--------------------------------------- 5

3.2. Text-specific Aspects of TE-----------------------------------------------6

3.3. Receptor-specific Aspects of TE------------------------------------------7

4. Non-equivalence at Word Level and the Solutions----------------------7

4.1. The Four Categories of Potential Equivalence Relations-------------8

4.2. Non-equivalence at Word Level------------------------------------------8

4.2.1. The Factors Responsible for Various Problems of

Non- equivalence --------------------------------------------------------8

4.2.2. Solutions Often Adopted by Experienced Translators---------------9

5. Conclusion---------------------------------------------------- --------------12

Abstract（小三times new roman加粗 居中）

　　This thesis makes a preliminary probe into the concept of TE (translation equivalence). During the development process of this concept, many translation theorists and practitioners have all presented their own views on the concept, among whom Nida is undoubtedly the most influential figure. Since there are many factors—the translator, text and receptor—involved in the concept of TE, causing the relative indeterminacy of the concept. So the concept has been until now far from being regarded as a theory. In addition, due to the distinct features of the source and target language, the potential equivalence relations are very complicated. The relation of non-equivalence can be counted among the most difficult to deal with. There can be non-equivalence at various levels, such as at the lexical, syntactic or even textual level. Because of the limited space, this paper only focuses on the non-equivalence at word level and its solutions during the process of translating.（小四times new roman）

Key words（小四times new roman加粗）: TE (translation equivalence); non-equivalence; functional equivalence（小四 times new roman）

摘 要 （小三黑体加粗 居中）

　　本文对翻译的对等性作了初步探索和研究。在翻译的对等性这一概念的发展过程中，有很多翻译理论家和实践家提出了各种各样的观点，其中以奈达的功能对等性观点最为著名。翻译对等性概念之所以至今仍未形成理论，主要是因为该概念的确定受多种因素—译者，文本及译文的接收者—的影响，这些因素均能在很大程度上造成该概念的不稳定性。

另外，由于原语言与目标语具有截然不同的特点，这造成了两者之间的对等关系相当复杂。其中最难处理的当数两者间的不对等关系，它可以发生在词汇层面，句法层面，甚至篇章层面。鉴于篇幅有限，本文只讨论了词汇层面的不对等关系以及其处理对策。（小四宋体，1.5倍行距）

关键词：（小四黑体加粗）翻译的对等性；不对等性；功能对等性（小四宋体）

Translation Equivalence and Non-equivalence

（小二 times new roman加粗 居中）

1. Introduction（小三 times new roman加粗）（1.5倍行距）

Theory not only over the last 2000 years, but also in modern studies. Until now various views on this concept have The concept of TE (translation equivalence) has been an essential issue in translation been put forward by many eminent translation theorists and practitioners. Thus it can be seen that the concept of TE occupies a very important place in the history of translation studies.

In this paper, the author is going to clarify the concept of TE and analyze the reasons for non-equivalence at word level so as to find strategies for handling it. There are altogether three parts in the body of this paper. In the first part, the author will start with the development of the concept of TE, in which she will highlight the concept of functional equivalence—the most important concept of TE studies by a prominent translator Eugene A. Nida. In the next part, there will be an analysis of the reasons for the relative indeterminacy of the concept of TE. The translator, text and receptor together constitute the main factors influencing the indeterminacy. In the last part, at first the author gives an analysis of potential equivalence relations. Among the four categories of relations, the thorny problem of non-equivalence will be given special attention. The presentation of the reasons for the problem of non-equivalence is no doubt conducive to finding solutions to this tough problem. In view of the complexity of non-equivalence and the limited space of this paper, the author will have to confine the discussion only to non-equivalence at word level instead of the full treatment of non-equivalence at various levels, such as at syntactic or even textual level. Finally, there will be a conclusion of the paper.(小四times new roman)

2. The Development of the Concept of TE

2.1. Various Views on the Concept of TE (四号 times new roman)

The concept of TE has a long history and is still a hot topic in translation studies at present, but the time when the term TE was put forward in translation studies cannot be determined. It was presumably Jackson who introduced the term “equivalence” in his article “On linguistic aspects of translation”. This article has become a classic of translation studies because of Jackson’s coinage of the concept of “equivalence in difference” which has turned out to be vital for the further development of translation studies.

From then on, different terms on the concept of TE have been constantly put forward, such as “closest natural equivalence”(Nida, 1965), “formal correspondence vs. dynamic equivalence”(Nida, 1964), “communicative equivalence”(Reiss, 1976), “text-pragmatic equivalence” (Wilss,1980) and so on. In spite that all of these terms are different from each other, they still share something in common, i.e. they all have absorbed to varying degrees some concepts from linguistic theories, such as the theory of applied linguistics and the theory of transformational grammar. Thus they may be viewed as the linguistically oriented schools, whose aims are to make the study of translation rigorously scientific and watertight just as linguistics aims at making the study of language strictly scientific.

During the boom of the strictly scientific linguistic theories, many linguists developed theoretical approaches to translation. In the United States the most influential scholar was undoubtedly Eugene A. Nida, who, on the basis of his own rich experience in Bible translating, developed a theory of translation and put forward his concept of functional equivalence, which will be introduced in detail in the following part.

2.2. The Concept of Functional Equivalence

2. 2. 1. A Brief Introduction of Functional Equivalence(小四times new roman加粗)

Eugene A. Nida, one of the most distinguished theorist in the world, ever suggested: It is best for us to speak of “functional equivalence” instead of a mere “equivalence” in terms of a range of adequacy, since no translation is ever completely equivalent. A number of different translations can in fact represent varying degrees of equivalence. This means that “equivalence” should be understood on the basis of degrees of closeness to functional identity rather than in its mathematical meaning of identity.

The concept of functional equivalence is not just a theoretical term but one summed up through a lot of translation practice. A deep and thorough understanding of this concept is undoubtedly conducive to the translation practice.

5. Conclusion

This paper focuses on the concept of TE and non-equivalence at word level. Due to various factors, this concept is far from being taken as a theory. Among various views on this concept, functional equivalence is relatively mature and more reasonable than others. A careful analysis of the reasons for the relative indeterminacy of the concept should be useful to conduct further experiments and produce a more stable theory so as to guide the translation activity. Also it is helpful to have a basic u 内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。 es）. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University Press, 2004.

Rechards. Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, Longman . Trans. Guan Yanhong 管某某. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1998.

William Faulkner. The fallen World in the South. Liu jianbo 刘某某. P35-49.

Nwezeh, C.E. The Comparative Approach to Modern African Literature.The Times. 26 Mar. 2004, A2.

Hacker, Diana. Research and Documentation on Line. 21 Feb. 2006.

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